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Captcha: Telling Humans and Computers Apart Automatically

CAPTCHAs are tests used to distinguish humans from computers by generating problems that are hard for computers but easy for humans to solve. They serve as both a security measure for websites and as a benchmark for artificial intelligence research, as any program that can pass CAPTCHAs would have solved a difficult AI problem like object recognition. By remaining unsolved, CAPTCHAs provide reliable human/computer distinction, but could also help advance AI if a program was able to accurately complete CAPTCHA tasks without exploiting flaws in their design.

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29 views20 pages

Captcha: Telling Humans and Computers Apart Automatically

CAPTCHAs are tests used to distinguish humans from computers by generating problems that are hard for computers but easy for humans to solve. They serve as both a security measure for websites and as a benchmark for artificial intelligence research, as any program that can pass CAPTCHAs would have solved a difficult AI problem like object recognition. By remaining unsolved, CAPTCHAs provide reliable human/computer distinction, but could also help advance AI if a program was able to accurately complete CAPTCHA tasks without exploiting flaws in their design.

Uploaded by

I am Fine
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CAPTCHA

TELLING HUMANS AND COMPUTERS  


APART AUTOMATICALLY

PRESENTED BY
GAYATHRI KALYANKAR
C4
20311A04K9
WHILE USED MOSTLY FOR SECURITY REASONS, CAPTCHAS ALSO
SERVE
 AS A BENCHMARK TASK FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TECHNOLOGIES.
 ACCORDING TO AN ARTICLE BY AHN, BLUM AND LANGFORD, "ANY
 PROGRAM THAT PASSES THE TESTS GENERATED BY A CAPTCHA
CAN BE
 USED TO SOLVE A HARD UNSOLVED AI PROBLEM."
THEY ARGUE THAT THE ADVANTAGES OF USING HARD AI
PROBLEMS AS
 A MEANS FOR SECURITY ARE TWOFOLD. EITHER THE PROBLEM
GOES
 UNSOLVED AND THERE REMAINS A RELIABLE METHOD FOR
DISTINGUISHING HUMANS FROM COMPUTERS, OR THE PROBLEM IS
SOLVED AND A DIFFICULT AI PROBLEM IS RESOLVED ALONG WITH
IT. IN THE CASE OF IMAGE AND TEXT BASED CAPTCHAS, IF AN AI
WERE CAPABLE OF ACCURATELY COMPLETING THE TASK WITHOUT
EXPLOITING FLAWS IN A PARTICULAR CAPTCHA DESIGN, THEN IT
WOULD HAVE SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPING AN AI THAT
IS CAPABLE OF COMPLEX OBJECT RECOGNITION IN SCENES
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
 BASCILLY WHAT A ‘CAPTCHA DO ?
HOW DOES CAPTCHA WORK?
TYPES OF CAPTCHAS
BREAKING CAPTCHAS
CHARACTERISTICS
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
 COMPUTERS AND HUMANS ARE APART, A TECHNIQUE
USED BY A COMPUTER TO TELL IF IT IS INERACTING
WITH HUMAN OR SOME OTHER COMPUTER.
  IT IS NEEDED BECAUSE ACTIVITIES SUCH AS ONLINE
COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS, SEARCH ENGINE
SUBMISSONS, WEB POLLS, WEB REGISTRATIONS,
FREE E-MAIL SERVICE REGISTRATION AND OTHER
AUTOMATED SERVICES ARE SUBJECT TO SOFTWARE
PROGRAMS, OR BOTS, THAT MIMIC THE BEHAVIOR
OF HUMANS IN ORDER TO SKEW THE RESULTS OF
THE AUTOMATED TASK OR PERFORM MALICIOUS
ACTIVITIES, SUCH AS GATHERING E-MAIL
ADDRESSES FOR SPAMMING.
DEFINITION

 A CAPTCHA (AN ACRONYM FOR "COMPLETELY


AUTOMATED PUBLIC TURING TEST TO TELL
COMPUTERS AND HUMANS APART") IS A TYPE OF
CHALLENGE-RESPONSE TEST USED IN
COMPUTING TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT
THE USER IS HUMAN.
A CAPTCHA IS A PROGRAM THAT CAN GENERATE
AND GRADE TESTS THAT:
 MOST HUMANS CAN PASS, BUT
 CURRENT COMPUTER PROGRAMS CAN'T PASS
BASCILLY WHAT A ‘CAPTCHA DO ?

IN ORDER TO VALIDATE THE DIGITAL TRANSACTION, USING


THE CAPTCHA SYSTEM THE USER IS PRESENTED WITH A
DISTORTED WORD TYPICALLY PLACED ON TOP OF A
DISTORTED BACKGROUND. THE USER MUST TYPE THE
WORD INTO A FIELD IN ORDER TO COMPLETE THE PROCESS.
 COMPUTERS HAVE A DIFFICULT TIME DECODING THE
DISTORTED WORDS WHILE HUMANS CAN EASILY DECIPHER
THE TEXT.
 SOME CAPTCHAS NOW USE PICTURES INSTEAD OF WORDS
WHERE THE USER IS PRESENTED WITH A SERIES OF
PICTURES AND ASKED WHAT THE COMMON ELEMENT
AMONG ALL OF THE PICTURES IS.
 BY ENTERING THAT COMMON ELEMENT, THE USER
VALIDATES THE TRANSACTION AND THE COMPUTER KNOWS
IT IS DEALING WITH A HUMAN AND NOT A BOT.
HOW DOES A CAPTCHA WORKS?
 A CAPTCHA IMAGE SHOWS A RANDOM STRING
WHICH THE USER HAS TO TYPE TO SUBMIT A FORM.
 THIS IS A SIMPLE PROBLEM FOR HUMANS, BUT A
VERY HARD PROBLEM FOR COMPUTERS WHICH
HAVE TO USE CHARACTER RECOGNITION,
ESPECIALLY, BECAUSE THE DISPLAYED STRING IS
ALIENATED IN A WAY, WHICH MAKES IT VERY HARD
FOR A COMPUTER TO DECODE.
TYPES OF CAPTCHA

   TEXT BASED 

• GIMPY, EZ-GIMPY 
• GIMPY-R, GOOGLE CAPTCHA 
• SIMARD’S HIP (MSN) 
   GRAPHIC BASED 
• BONGO 
• PIX 
  AUDIO BASED 
TEXT BASED CAPTCHAS
 GIMPY, EZ-GIMPY

• PICK A WORD OR WORDS FROM A SMALL


DICTIONARY
• DISTORT THEM AND ADD NOISE AND
BACKGROUND
 GIMPY-R, GOOGLE’S CAPTCHA
• PICK RANDOM LETTERS
• DISTORT THEM, ADD NOISE AND BACKGROUND
 SIMARD’S HIP
• PICK RANDOM LETTERS AND NUMBERS
• DISTORT THEM AND ADD ARCS
GRAPHIC BASED CAPTCHAS
  BONGO 

• DISPLAY TWO SERIES OF


BLOCKS 
• USER MUST FIND THE
CHARACTERISTIC THAT
SETS THE TWO SERIES
APART 
• USER IS ASKED TO
DETERMINE WHICH
SERIES EACH OF FOUR
SINGLE BLOCKS BELONGS
TO 
• DIFFERENCE? THICK VS.
THIN LINES 
GRAPHIC BASED CAPTCHAS
   PIX 

• CREATE A LARGE DATABASE


OF LABELED IMAGES. 
• PICK A CONCRETE OBJECT .
• PICK FOUR IMAGES OF THE
OBJECT FROM THE IMAGES
DATABASE .
• DISTORT THE IMAGES. 
• ASK THE USER TO PICK THE
OBJECT FOR A LIST OF
WORDS .
AUDIO BASED CAPTCHAS

   PICK A WORD OR A SEQUENCE OF NUMBERS AT 


RANDOM. 
   RENDER THEM INTO AN AUDIO CLIP USING A TTS
SOFTWARE .
   DISTORT THE AUDIO CLIP .
   ASK THE USER TO IDENTIFY AND TYPE THE WORD O
NUMBERS. 
BREAKING CAPTCHAS

 MOST TEXT BASED CAPTCHAS HAVE BEEN BROKEN


BY SOFTWARE 
• OCR 
• SEGMENTATION 
 OTHER CAPTCHAS WERE BROKEN BY STREAMING
THE TESTS FOR UNSUSPECTING USERS TO SOLVE. 
CHARACTERISTICS

THEY ARE COMPLETELY AUTOMATED. THIS AVOIDS THE


NECESSITY FOR HUMAN MAINTENANCE OR
INTERVENTION IN THE TEST, WITH OBVIOUS BENEFITS
IN COST AND RELIABILITY.

THE ALGORITHM USED IS MADE PUBLIC, THOUGH IT


MAY BE ENCUMBERED BY A PATENT. THIS IS
STIPULATED SO AS TO REQUIRE THAT BREAKING A
CAPTCHA REQUIRES THE SOLUTION OF A HARD
PROBLEM IN THE FIELD OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE (AI) RATHER THAN JUST THE
DISCOVERY OF THE (SECRET) ALGORITHM, WHICH
COULD BE OBTAINED THROUGH OTHER TECHNIQUES.
APPLICATIONS

 ONLINE POLLS.
 SEARCH ENGINE BOTS.
 WORMS AND SPAMS.
 SEARCH ENGINE BOTS.
 PREVENT DICTIONARY ATTACKS.
CONCLUSION
 CAPTCHAS ARE ANY SOFTWARE THAT DISTINGUISHES H
   AND MACHINE.

 RESEARCH IN CAPTCHAS IMPLIES ADVANCEMENT IN AI


COMPUTERS UNDERSTAND HOW HUMAN THINKS.

 INTERNET COMPANIES ARE MAKING BILLIONS OF DOLL


YEAR,
THEIR SECURITY AND SERVICES QUALITY MATTERS AND S
ADVANCEMENT IN  CAPTCHA TECHNOLOGY.
REFERENCE
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
 WWW.STUDYMAFIA.ORG
THANK YOU!
                 
            
QUERIES

   ?
                  
     

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