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Modular AND Structured Design

Modular and structured design involves decomposing a system into subcomponents or modules. Good module design has high cohesion (functionally related elements) and low coupling (independence between modules). Top-down design starts by defining the overall system and breaking it into subsystems and components. Bottom-up design starts with basic components and builds higher level components by combining lower level ones. Together, top-down and bottom-up approaches provide a balanced design process.

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Ahmad Zia Yaqoobi
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136 views

Modular AND Structured Design

Modular and structured design involves decomposing a system into subcomponents or modules. Good module design has high cohesion (functionally related elements) and low coupling (independence between modules). Top-down design starts by defining the overall system and breaking it into subsystems and components. Bottom-up design starts with basic components and builds higher level components by combining lower level ones. Together, top-down and bottom-up approaches provide a balanced design process.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Zia Yaqoobi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7.

MODULAR
AND
STRUCTURED
DESIGN
Module Specification

Modularization is the decomposition of a system into


subcomponents or small units
A module is a collection of instructions & data
structure
Modules should be such that it can be separately
compiled & stored
Module should be such that it can be use by other
modules
It makes process of debugging, testing, integration of
system easy
Criteria to evaluate a program module

Function decomposition approach software is


partitioned into independent modules so that
each module is small enough to be manageable
Objectives of modular software design
1. Functional partitioning into discrete scalable ,
reusable modules
2. Rigorous use of well-defined modular interface
3. Ease of change to achieve technology
transparency and to the extent possible make use
of industry standards for key interfaces
 Modularity is the principle of keeping separate the various unrelated
aspects of a system, so that each aspect can be studied in isolation
(also called separation of concerns)
 If the principle is applied well, each resulting module will have a single
purpose and will be relatively independent of the others
 each module will be easy to understand and develop
 easier to locate faults (because there are fewer suspect modules per
fault)
 Easier to change the system (because a change to one module affects
relatively few other modules
Cohesion & Coupling (v. imp)

Cohesion is a measure of the functional strength


of a module whereas the
Coupling between two modules is a measure of
degree of interdependence or interaction
between two modules
A module having High Cohesion and Low Coupling
is said to be functional Independent
Classification of Cohesiveness

coincide Logical Tempora Procedur Commun Sequenti Function


ntal l al icational al al

Low High

1. Coincidental – if a module performs a set of tasks that


relate to other very loosely
2. Logical- if all elements of the module performs similar
operations such as error handling, data input, etc
3. Temporal- When a module contains functions that are
related by the fact that all the functions must be
executed in the same time span. Eg start or shut down of
any process
 4. Procedural – If the set of functions of the module are all
part of procedure in which certain sequence of steps
has to be carried out for achieving an objective
Eg login(), place order() ,check order(), print bill().
5. Communicational- if all functions of the module
refer to or update the same data structure.
Eg in student management system all modules
such as admissions, exam, consist of a named
student which is to be updated
Classification of Cohesiveness

coincide Logical Tempora Procedur Commun Sequenti Function


ntal l al icational al al

Low High

6. Sequential- if the elements of a module from the parts of a


sequence where the output from one element of the sequence
is input to next
7. Functional- If all element of a module cooperate to achieve a
single function
Classification of Coupling

1. Data- two modules are data coupled if they communicate using an


elementary data items that is passed as a parameter between the two.
Eg int, float
2. Stamp coupling : Stamp coupling occurs when modules share a
data structure and use only parts of it, possibly different parts (e.g.,
passing a whole record to a function that only needs one field of it).
In this situation, a modification in a field that a module does not need
may lead to changing the way the module reads the record.
3.External coupling: External coupling occurs when
two modules share an externally imposed data
format, communication protocol, or device interface.
This is basically related to the communication to
external tools and devices.
 4. Control- If data from one module is used to direct the order of
instruction execution in other module.
 5. Common- If they share some global data items
 6. Content- If there code is shared. Example:
 Component directly modifies another’s data
 Component modifies another’s code, e.g., jumps (goto) into the middle of
a routine
Characteristics of Good Design

 Component independence
 High cohesion
 Low coupling
 Exception identification and handling
 Fault prevention and fault tolerance
 Design for change
Top Down Design

We know that a system is composed of more than one sub-


systems and it contains a number of components.
Further, these sub-systems and components may have their
own set of sub-system and components and creates hierarchical
structure in the system.
Top-down design takes the whole software system as one entity
and then decomposes it to achieve more than one sub-
system or component based on some characteristics.
Each sub-system or component is then treated as a system and
decomposed further.
This process keeps on running until the lowest level of system
in the top-down hierarchy is achieved.
Top-down design is more suitable when the software solution
needs to be designed from scratch and specific details are
unknown.
Bottom-up Design

The bottom up design model starts with most specific and basic
components.
It proceeds with composing higher level of components by using basic or
lower level components.
It keeps creating higher level components until the desired system is not
evolved as one single component. With each higher level, the amount of
abstraction is increased.
Bottom-up strategy is more suitable when a system needs to be created
from some existing system, where the basic primitives can be used in
the newer system.
Both, top-down and bottom-up approaches are not practical individually.
Instead, a good combination of both is used.

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