Temperature Regulation During Exercises: Dr. Ghousia Shahid

TEMPERATURE REGULATION
DURING EXERCISES
DR. GHOUSIA SHAHID
Introduction
 maintaining a constant body core temperature are called
HOMEOTHERMS
 The goal of temperature regulation is to
maintain a constant deep-body

temperature and thus prevent
overheating or overcooling
Heat Balance During Exercises
 Circulatory system plays major role in transporting heat.
 Blood is very effective in this function because it has a high
capacity to store heat.
 Blood flow is increased to the skin as a means of promoting heat
loss to the environment.

 If the goal is to prevent heat loss, blood is directed away from the
skin
Temperature Measurement During Exercises
 Devises known as thermocouples or thermistors (ingestible
temperature sensor telemetry systems).
 In the laboratory setting, one of the most common sites of core
temperature measurement is the rectum.
 temperature measurements near the eardrum (called tympanic
temperature) is near to actual brain temperature.
 Another alternative is to measure the temperature of the esophagus
as an indication of core temperature.
 Skin temperature (T, ) can be estimated by the following formula
Ts = [T(forehead) + T(chest) + T(forearm) + T(thigh) + T(ear) +

T(abdomen) + T (back)] / 7
Heat production
VOLUNTRY
 The energy expended during exercise appears as heat.
 During heavy exercise, this can result in a large heat load.
INVOLUNTRY
 Heat production by shivering is the primary means of increasing heat
production during exposure to cold .
 Maximal shivering can increase the body's heat production by approximately
five times the resting value.
 Release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland can also increase metabolic
rate of all cells in the body thus increasing body temperature.

Heat loss
 Heat loss from the body may occur by four processes:
 Radiation
 Conduction
 Convection
 Evaporation
Radiation
 RADIATION is heat loss in the form of infrared rays.
 This involves the transfer of heat from the surface of one object to
the surface of another, with no physical contact being involved (ie.,
sun transferring heat to the earth.
 At rest in a comfortable environment (eg. room temperature = 21°
C), 60% of the heat loss occurs via radiation This is possible
because skin temperature is greater than the temperature of
surrounding.
Conduction
 Conduction is defined as the transfer of heat from the body into
the molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface.
 Only small amounts of heat is lost due to this process.
 An example is the transfer of heat from the body to a metal chair
while a person is sitting on it. The heat loss occurs as long as the
chair is cooler than the body surface.
Convection
 Convection is a Form of conductive heat loss in which heat is
transmitted to either air or water molecules in contact with the
body.
 An example of forced convection is a Fan moving large quantity of
air passing the skin, this would increase the number of air
molecules coming in contact with the skin and thus promote heat
loss.
Evaporation
 Evaporation accounts for approximately 25% of the heat loss at
rest, but under most environmental conditions.
 It is the most important means of heat loss during exercise.
 Heat is transferred from the body to water on the surface of the
skin.
 When this water gains sufficient heat (energy), it is converted to a
gas (water vapor), taking the heat away from the body.
 The amount of heat gain in the body during exercise is computed as
Body heat gain during exercise = (heat produced - heat loss)
 The term specific heat refers to the amount of heat energy required to raise 1 kilogram
of body tissue by 1°C.
 The specific heat for the human body is 0.83 kilocalorie (kcal) per kilogram of body
mass.
 Therefore, the amount of heat required to elevate the
 body temperature by 1° can be computed as follows:
Heat required to inc. temperature by 1°C = (specific heat X body mass)
Body’s thermostat----- HYPOTHALAMUS
 Temperature regulatory center of our body is located in the
hypothalamus.
 The anterior hypothalamus is primarily responsible for dealing with
increases in body heat.
 The posterior hypothalamus is responsible for reacting to a decrease
in body temperature. In general, the hypothalamus operates
 Known as thermostat in your body.
 It maintain a constant core temperature around "set point“.
 In humans is approximately 37° C.
Thermal events during exercises
Exercise performance in hot enviornment
 Prolonged exercise in a hot environment results in increased body
temperatures that can lead to hyperthermia
 Hyperthermia can directly diminish exercise performance due to
central nervous system impairment by reducing the mental drive
for motor performance.
 Prolong exercise in the heat
increases muscle glycogen usage
elevates muscle lactate production
Collectively,
 changes in muscle metabotism and may
 also contribute to the early fatigue.
What strategies can athletes use to improve their exercise tolerance in
a hot environment?
Heat acclimatized and consuming fluid before and during exercise.
This process of physiological adaptation to heat (heat acclimatization)
will improve exercise tolerance
Heat Acclimatization
 Regular exercise in a hot environment results in a series of
physiological adjustments designed to minimize disturbances in
homeostasis due to heat stress.
 The end result of heat acclimatization is a lower heart rate and core
temperature during submaximal exercises.
Exercises in cold environment
 Exercise in the cold for extended periods of time (e.g., a long
triathlon). or swimming in cold water, may over power the body's
ability to prevent heat loss, and hypothermia.
 In such cases, heat production during exercise is not able to keep
pace with heat loss.
 This is true during swimming in extremely cold water (e.g., < 15°
C)
 Severe hypothermia may result in a loss of judgment.
 Which increases the risk of further cold injury
Learning objectives
 KEY TERMINOLOGIES:
› conduction
› convection
› evaporation
› homeotherms
 hyperthermia
 hypothermia
› radiation
› specific heat
 Overview of Heat Production/Heat Loss
 Body's Thermostat Hypothalamus
 Exercise Performance in a Hot Environment
 Heat Acclimatization
 Exercise in a Cold Environment

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TEMPERATURE REGULATION

maintain a constant deep-body

loss to the environment.

Ts = [T(forehead) + T(chest) + T(forearm) + T(thigh) + T(ear) +

rate of all cells in the body thus increasing body temperature.

Body heat gain during exercise = (heat produced - heat loss)

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