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Lecture Title: Dept. of Computer Science Faculty of Science and Technology

This document provides an outline for a lecture on assembly language syntax. The lecture will cover topics like assembly language syntax, fields in assembly statements, variables and arrays, numbers and constants, and basic instructions like MOV. References for further reading on assembly language are also provided.

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Shahriar Shoron
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29 views

Lecture Title: Dept. of Computer Science Faculty of Science and Technology

This document provides an outline for a lecture on assembly language syntax. The lecture will cover topics like assembly language syntax, fields in assembly statements, variables and arrays, numbers and constants, and basic instructions like MOV. References for further reading on assembly language are also provided.

Uploaded by

Shahriar Shoron
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Title

Course Code: Course Title:

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 2 Week No: 2 Semester:


Lecturer: Name & email
Lecture Outline

1. Learn Syntax
2. Variable declarations
3. Introduction of basic data movement
4. Program organization: Code, Data and stack
Assembly Language Syntax
• Assembly language is not case sensitive, however, we use
upper case to differentiate code from rest of the text.
 Statements:
• Programs consist of statements (one per line)
• Each statement can be any of following types:
• Instruction that are translated into machine code
• Assembler directives that instruct the assemble to
perform some specific task:
Allocating memory space for variables
Creating procedure
Fields

 Instructions and directives can have up to four fields:


Name Operation Operand(s) comment
START MOV CX,5 ; initialize counter

**[Fields must appear in this order]


MAIN PROC [ creates a Procedure]
At least one blank or tab character must separate the
fields
Name Field

 Name: it is used for instruction levels, procedure names and


variable names.
• The assembler translates names into variable names.
• Can be 1 to 31 characters long and consists of letter , digit and
special characters.
• Embedded blanks are not allowed.
• Names may not begin with number.
• UPPERCASE and lowercase in name are same.
• Examples: COUNTER1, $1000, Done?, .TEST
• Illegal names TWO WORD, 2AB, A45.28, ME &YOU
Solve the Following

 Which of the following names are legal in IBM PC


assembly language?
TWO_WORDS
TwoWOrDs
?1
.@?
$145
LET’S_GO
T=.
Operation Field

• Operation field contains a symbolic operation code (opcode).


• The assembler translates a symbolic opcode into a machine language.
• Opcode symbols often describe the operations function (e.g. MOV, ADD, SUM etc..).
• In assembler directive, the operation field contains pseudo operation code (pseudo-ops).
• Pseudo-ops are NOT translated into machine code. they simply tell the assembler to do
something.
e.g. PROC pseudo-op is used to create procedure.
 
• Operand field species the data that are to be acted on by the operation.
• An instruction may have zero, one or two operands. e.g.
• First operand is Destination (i.e. register or Memory location)
some instruction do not store any result
• Second operand is Source and its not usually modified by instruction
 
Comment Field

• Comment: put instruction into the context of program.


• Comment field of a statement is used to say something about
what the statement does?
• Semicolon ( ; ) marks in the beginning of this field
• Assembler ignores anything typed after “ ; “
** Comment is very important in assembly language and it is
almost impossible to understand assembly code without comment.
** Commenting is considered as good programming practice
Program Data
• Processor operates only on binary data.
• So, the assembler MUST translate all data representation into binary numbers.
• In assembly program, we may express data as binary, decimal or hex numbers and even
characters.
 Numbers:
• Binary: a binary number is written as bit string followed by the letter B or b (e.g.
1010B)
• Decimal: A decimal number is a string of decimal digits. It ends with optional “D” or
“d” (e.g. 1234).
• Hex: A hex number begins with a decimal digit and ends with the letter H or h (e.g.
12ABh).
 Characters:
Character strings must be enclosed with single or double quotes.
• e.g. ‘A’ or “hello” is translated into ASCII by assembler. So, there is no
difference between ‘A’ or 41h or 65d.
Solve the Following

 Which of the following are legal numbers? if they are legal tell
whether they are Binary, decimal or hex numbers?
246
246h
1001
1,001
2A3h
FFFEh
0Ah
Bh
1110b
Variables

• We use a variable to store values temporarily.


• Each variable has a data type and is assigned a memory address by the program.
• We will mostly use DB (define byte) and DW(define word) variables.
 Byte Variables: In the following , the directive associates a memory byte to
ALPHA and initialize it to 4. A “?” mark can be used for uninitialized byte.
The range of values in a byte is 2^8 or 256
Name DB Initial_value
ALPHA DB 4
 Word Variables: Similar to byte variable and the range of initial values is 2^16
or 65536.
Name DW Initial_value
WRD
Arrays

• Array is just a sequence of bytes or words.


• i.e. to define a three-byte array, we write
B_ARRAY DB 10h,20,30h
Name B_ARRAY is associated with first byte, B_ARRAY+1 with
second and B_ARRAY+2 with third.
 
 
B_ARRAY 200 10H
B_ARRAY+1 201 20H
B_ARRAY+2 202 30H
Array Exercise

 Create a word array (named MY_W_ARRAY) table of which


the starting address is 500 and values are 2000,323,4000 and
1000.
 
MY_W_ARRAY DW 2000,323,4000,1000
 
MY_W_ARRAY 500 2000
MY_W_ARRAY+2 502 323
MY_W_ARRAY+4 504 4000
MY_W_ARRAY+6 506 1000
High and Low bytes of Word

 Sometimes we may need to refer to the high and low bytes of a


word variable. i.e. if we define,
WORD1 DW 1234H
the low byte of WORD1 contains 34h (symbolic address: WORD1)
and High byte contains 12h (symbolic address: WORD1+1).
 Character string: An array of ASCII codes.
• LETTER DB ‘ABC’
• LETTER DB 41h,42h,43h [ UPPERCASE]
• MSG DB `HELLO’, 0Ah, 0Dh, ’$’ [combination is also
possible]
• MSG DB 48h,45h,4Ch,4Ch,4Fh,0Ah,0Dh,24h
Named Constant

• Using a symbolic name for constant quantity make the assembly


code much easier.
 EQU (Equates): Assign a name to a constant
e.g. LF EQU 0Ah [LF= 0Ah]
( LF=0Ah is applicable to whole code after assigning)
• PROMPT EQU ‘Type Your Name’
**No memory is allocated for EQU names**
Instructions: MOV

 MOV is used to transfer data between registers, register and


memory-location or move number directly into register or memory
location.
 Syntax: MOV destination, source
MOV AX, WORD1 [reads Move WORD1 to AX]
References

• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC, Ytha Yu


and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-2).
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/index.htm
Books

• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC,


Ytha Yu and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-
2).

• Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, (Third


Edition), Linda Null and Julia Lobur

• W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for


performance”, 67h Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2003, ISBN 81 –
203 – 2962 – 7

• Computer Organization and Architecture by John P. Haynes.

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