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28 views15 pages

Presentation 1

Uploaded by

upamaharikrishnan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Subnet Masks

• Routers and hosts use an extended network prefix (subnet


mask) to identify the start of the host numbers

Class B 10 network host


16 bits
Network Prefix (16 bits)

with 10 network subnet host


subnetting
Extended Network Prefix (24 bits)
Subnet
mask 1111111111111111111111100000000
(255.255.255.0)

• * There are different ways of subnetting. Commonly used netmasks for university networks with /16
prefix (Class B) are 255.255.255.0 and 255.255.0.0
Advantages of Subnetting
• With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy:
»Network
»Subnet
»Host
• Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming an entire
Class B or Class C address for each physical network/
• Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not know
about subnetting, the complexity of routing tables at external
routers is reduced.

• Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all


subnetworks.
CIDR - Classless Interdomain Routing
• IP backbone routers have one routing table entry for each
network address:
–With subnetting, a backbone router only needs to know one entry for each Class A, B,
or C networks
–This is acceptable for Class A and Class B networks
•27 = 128 Class A networks
•214 = 16,384 Class B networks
–But this is not acceptable for Class C networks
•221 = 2,097,152 Class C networks
• In 1993, the size of the routing tables started to outgrow
the capacity of routers
• Consequence: The Class-based assignment of IP addresses
had to be abandoned
CIDR - Classless Interdomain Routing
• Goals:
–Restructure IP address assignments to increase efficiency
–Hierarchical routing aggregation to minimize route table entries

• CIDR (Classless Interdomain routing) abandons the notion


of classes:
• Key Concept: The length of the network id (prefix) in
the IP addresses is kept arbitrary

• Consequence: Routers advertise the IP address and the


length of the prefix
CIDR Example
• CIDR notation of a network address:
• 192.0.2.0/18
•"18" says that the first 18 bits are the network part of the address (and
14 bits are available for specific host addresses)
• The network part is called the prefix

• Assume that a site requires a network address with 1000 addresses


• With CIDR, the network is assigned a continuous block of 1024 addresses with a 22-bit long
prefix
CIDR: Prefix Size vs. Network Size
• CIDR Block Prefix # of Host Addresses
• /27 32 hosts
• /26 64 hosts
• /25 128 hosts
• /24 256 hosts
• /23 512 hosts
• /22 1,024 hosts
• /21 2,048 hosts
• /20 4,096 hosts
• /19 8,192 hosts
• /18 16,384 hosts
• /17 32,768 hosts
• /16 65,536 hosts
• /15 131,072 hosts
• /14 262,144 hosts
• /13 524,288 hosts
CIDR and Address assignments
• Backbone ISPs obtain large block of IP addresses space and
then reallocate portions of their address blocks to their
customers.

• Example:
• Assume that an ISP owns the address block 206.0.64.0/18, which represents 16,384 (214) IP
addresses
• Suppose a client requires 800 host addresses
• With classful addresses: need to assign a class B address (and waste ~64,700
addresses) or four individual Class Cs (and introducing 4 new routes into the global
Internet routing tables)
• With CIDR: Assign a /22 block, e.g., 206.0.68.0/22, and allocated a block of 1,024
(210) IP addresses.
CIDR and Routing Information

Company X :

ISP X owns: 206.0.68.0/22

206.0.64.0/18
204.188.0.0/15
209.88.232.0/21
Internet Backbone
ISP y :
209.88.237.0/24

Organization z1 : Organization z2 :
209.88.237.192/26 209.88.237.0/26
CIDR and Routing Information
Backbone routers do not know
anything about Company X, ISP Y,
or Organizations z1, z2.

Company X :

ISP X owns: 206.0.68.0/22


ISP X does not know about
Organizations z1, z2. 206.0.64.0/18
204.188.0.0/15
209.88.232.0/21
Internet Backbone
ISP X sends everything which ISP y :
matches the prefix: 206.0.68.0/22 to ISP y sends everything which matches the
prefix: 209.88.237.0/24
Company X,
209.88.237.0/24 to ISP y 209.88.237.192/26 to Organizations z1
209.88.237.0/26 to Organizations z2

Backbone sends everything which


matches the prefixes 206.0.64.0/18,
204.188.0.0/15, 209.88.232.0/21 to Organization z1 : Organization z2 :
ISP X. 209.88.237.192/26 209.88.237.0/26
Example You can find about ownership of IP addresses in North
America via http://www.arin.net/whois/

• The IP Address: 207.2.88.170


207 2 88 170

11001111 00000010 01011000 10101010

Belongs to:
City of Charlottesville, VA: 207.2.88.0 - 207.2.92.255

11001111 00000010 01011000 00000000

Belongs to:
Cable & Wireless USA 207.0.0.0 - 207.3.255.255

11001111 00000000 00000000 00000000


CIDR and Routing
• Aggregation of routing table entries:
–128.143.0.0/16 and 128.144.0.0/16 are represented as
128.142.0.0/15
• Longest prefix match: Routing table lookup finds the
routing entry that matches the the longest prefix

Prefix Interface

• What is the outgoing interface for 128.0.0.0/4 interface #5


• 128.143.137.0/24 ? 128.128.0.0/9 interface #2

128.143.128.0/17 interface #1

Routing table
• Without CIDR, a
router must
maintain individual
routing table
entries for these
class B networks.

With CIDR, a router


can summarize
these routes
using a single
network address
by using a 13-bit
prefix:
172.24.0.0 /13

Steps:
1. Count the number of left-most matching bits, /13 (255.248.0.0)
2. Add all zeros after the last matching bit:
172.24.0.0 = 10101100 00011000 00000000 00000000
Supernetting Example
• Company XYZ needs to address 400 hosts.
• Its ISP gives them two contiguous Class C addresses:
–207.21.54.0/24
–207.21.55.0/24
• Company XYZ can use a prefix of 207.21.54.0 /23 to supernet these two
contiguous networks. (Yielding 510 hosts)
• 207.21.54.0 /23
–207.21.54.0/24
–207.21.55.0/24

23 bits in common
Supernetting Example

• With the ISP acting as the addressing authority for a CIDR block of addresses, the ISP’s
customer networks, which include XYZ, can be advertised among Internet routers as a
single supernet.

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