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Introducing Computer Systems: Asst - Prof. Engr. Joddat Fatima

This document provides an introduction to computer systems by discussing several key concepts across multiple layers. It begins with an overview of digital literacy and the importance of keeping up with changing technologies. It then discusses the basic components and functions of computers, including hardware, software, data, and users. The next sections explain each of these layers in more detail, such as describing the roles of the processor, memory, and storage devices within the hardware layer. The document concludes by discussing some important additional concepts like green computing, ergonomics, abstraction, and how abstraction allows humans to manage complex systems.

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Haseeb Shabir
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56 views30 pages

Introducing Computer Systems: Asst - Prof. Engr. Joddat Fatima

This document provides an introduction to computer systems by discussing several key concepts across multiple layers. It begins with an overview of digital literacy and the importance of keeping up with changing technologies. It then discusses the basic components and functions of computers, including hardware, software, data, and users. The next sections explain each of these layers in more detail, such as describing the roles of the processor, memory, and storage devices within the hardware layer. The document concludes by discussing some important additional concepts like green computing, ergonomics, abstraction, and how abstraction allows humans to manage complex systems.

Uploaded by

Haseeb Shabir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

INTRODUCING COMPUTER

SYSTEMS
Asst.Prof. Engr. Joddat Fatima
[email protected]

1
Digital Literacy

• Because technology
changes, you must keep
up with the changes to
remain digitally literate
• Digital literacy involves
having a current
knowledge and
understanding of
computers, mobile
devices, the web, and
related technologies
2
Computers

• A computer is an electronic device, operating


under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory

Accepts Produces
data Processing information
(input) (output)

3
Computers

• Laptop
• Tablet
• Desktop
and All-in-One
• Server

4
Mobile and Game Devices

Smartphone

Digital camera

Portable and digital media player

Wearable device

Game device
5
Parts of Computer Systems

• Hardware.
• Software.
• Data.
• User.

6
Hardware

• Components that are touchable or have some


physical existence .
– Input and Output devices
– Processor
– Memory
– Storage devices

7
8
Software

• Set of instructions that tell a system what to do.


– Application Software
– System Software
• Also called “program”.

9
10
Data and Information

Page 12 11
Figure 1-12
Users

• Entities using computers.


– Humans
– Other computers.

12
Technology Uses

Governme
Education
nt Finance

Entertain Health
Retail ment Care

Science Travel Publishing


Pages 35 - 41 13
Technology Users

Home User Small/Home Office User

Mobile User

Power User Enterprise User

Pages 41 - 42 14
LAYERS OF COMPUTING SYSTEM

15
Computing Systems –
Layers of a Computing System

Each layer Communications

Applications
plays a
specific Operating Systems

role in the Programming


Hardware
overall
Information
design of
the
system.
16
Information Layer
• The innermost layer, information, reflects the way we
represent information on a computer.
• Purely conceptual level.
• Information on a computer is managed using binary digits,
1 and 0.
• We can turn our attention to how we take the myriad types
of information we manage—numbers, text, images, audio,
and video—and represent them in a binary format.
Hardware Layer

• It consists of the physical hardware of a computer


system.
• Computer hardware includes devices such as
gates and circuits, which control the flow of
electricity in fundamental ways.
• This core electronic circuitry gives rise to
specialized hardware components such as the
computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and
memory.
Programming Layer

• It deals with software, the instructions used to


accomplish computations and manage data.
• Programs can take many forms and be
implemented in many languages.
• Yet, despite the enormous variety of programming
issues, the goal remains the same: to solve
problems.
Operating System Layer

• Every computer has an operating system (OS) to


help manage the computer’s resources.
• Operating systems, such as Windows XP, Linux, or
Mac OS, help us interact with the computer system
and manage the way hardware devices, programs,
and data interact.
• Knowing what an operating system does is key to
understanding the computer in general.
Application Layer

• The previous (inner) layers focus on making a


computer system work.
• The applications layer, by contrast, focuses on using
the computer to solve specific real-world problems.
• We run application programs to take advantage of
the computer’s abilities in other areas, such as
helping us design a building or play a game.
• Information systems, artificial intelligence etc.
Communication Layer

• Computers no longer exist in isolation on someone’s desktop.


• We use computer technology to communicate, and that
communication is a fundamental layer at which computing
systems operate.
• Computers are connected into networks so that they can
share information and resources.
• The Internet, for example, evolved into a global network, so
there is now almost no place on Earth that you cannot
communicate with via computing technology.
• The World Wide Web makes that communication relatively
easy; it has revolutionized computer use and made it
accessible to the general public.
SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

23
Green Computing

• Green computing involves reducing the electricity


consumed and environmental waste generated when
using a computer
• Strategies include:
– Recycling
– Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving features
– Regulating manufacturing processes
– Extending the life of computers
– Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers

Page 26 24
Ergonomics

• The study of relationship between people and


their tools.
• Ergonomically correct tools and workplaces is a
necessity.

25
How to get rid of Stress Injuries?

• Good working habits.


• Comfortable office chair.
• Well-suited computer desk with appropriately
adjusted height for keyboard and mouse.
• Use ergonomics keyboard.
• Padded wrist support.
• Keep your wrists straight while typing.
• Sit up straight.
• Learn to type. 26
Abstraction

• Abstraction: A mental model that removes complex details.


• An abstraction is a mental model, a way to think about
something, that removes or hides complex details. An
abstraction leaves only the information necessary to accomplish
our goal.
• The levels of a computing system that we just examined are
examples of abstraction. When we are dealing with a computer
on one layer, we don’t need to be thinking about the details of
the other layers.
• For example, when we are running an application program, we
don’t have to be concerned with how that program was written.
27
Abstraction

• Numerous experiments have shown that a human


being can actively manage about seven (plus or
minus two, depending on the person) pieces of
information in short-term memory at one time. This
is called Miller’s Law, based on the psychologist who
first investigated it.
• Other pieces of information are available to us when
we need them, but when we focus on a new piece,
something else falls back into secondary status.

28
Abstraction

• We rely on abstractions every day of our lives.


• For example, we don’t need to know how a car
works to drive one to the store. That is, we don’t
really need to know how the engine works in
detail. We need to know only some basics about
how to interact with the car: how the pedals and
knobs and steering wheel work.
• And we don’t even have to be thinking about all
of those things at the same time.
29
THE END

30

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