Lecture Presentation Software

to accompany

Investment Analysis and

Portfolio Management
Eighth Edition
by
Frank K. Reilly & Keith C. Brown

Chapter 10
 Chapter 10
Analysis of Financial Statements
Questions to be answered:
• What are the major financial statements
provided by firms and what specific
information does each of them contain?
• Why do we use financial ratios to examine the
performance of a firm and why is it important
to examine performance relative to the
economy and a firm’s industry?
 Chapter 10
Analysis of Financial Statements
• What are the major categories for financial ratios
and what questions are answered by the ratios in
these categories?
• What specific ratios help determine a firm’s
internal liquidity, operating performance, risk
profile, growth potential, and external liquidity?
• How can the DuPont analysis help evaluate a
firm’s return on equity over time?
 Chapter 10
Analysis of Financial Statements
• What is a quality balance sheet or income
statement?
• Why is financial statement analysis done if
markets are efficient and forward-looking?
 Chapter 10
Analysis of Financial Statements
• What major financial ratios help analysts in the
following areas: stock valuation, estimating and
evaluating systematic risk, predicting the credit
ratings on bonds, and predicting bankruptcy?
 Major Financial Statements
• Corporate shareholder annual and quarterly
reports must include
– Balance sheet
– Income statement
– Statement of cash flows
• Reports filed with Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
– 10-K and 10-Q
 Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP)

• Formulated by the Financial Accounting

Standards Board (FASB)
• Provides some choices of accounting
principles
• Financial statements footnotes must
disclose which accounting principles are
used by the firm
 Balance Sheet
• Shows resources (assets) of the firm and
how it has financed these resources
• Indicates current and fixed assets available
at a point in time
• Financing is indicated by its mixture of
current liabilities, long-term liabilities, and
owners’ equity
 Income Statement
• Contains information on the profitability of
the firm during some period of time
• Indicates the flow of sales, expenses, and
earnings during the time period
 Statement of Cash Flows

• Integrates the information on the balance

sheet and income statement

• Shows the effects on the firm’s cash flow of

income flows and changes in various items
on the balance sheet
 Statement of Cash Flows
It has three sections:
 Cash Flow from Operating Activities – the
sources and uses of cash that arise from the
normal operations of a firm
 Cash Flow from Investing activities – change in
gross plant and equipment plus the change in
the investment account
 Cash Flow from Financing activities– financing
sources minus financing uses
 Measures of Cash Flow
• Cash flow from operations
– Traditional cash flow equals net income plus
depreciation expense and deferred taxes
– Also adjust for changes in operating assets and
liabilities that use or provide cash
• Free cash flow recognizes that some investing
and financing activities are critical to ongoing
success of the firm
– Capital expenditures and dividends
 Measures of Cash Flow
• EBITDA: measure of cash flow is
extremely liberal.
– It does not consider any adjustments noted
previously.
– It adds back depreciation and amortization
along with both interest expense and taxes
 Purpose of
Financial Statement Analysis
• Evaluate management performance in three
areas:
– Profitability
– Efficiency
– Risk
 Analysis of Financial Ratios
• Ratios are more informative that raw
numbers
• Ratios provide meaningful relationships
between individual values in the financial
statements
 Importance of
Relative Financial Ratios
• Compare to other entities
• Examine a firm’s performance relative to:
– The aggregate economy
– Its industry or industries
– Its major competitors within the industry
– Its past performance (time-series analysis)
Comparison of a Firm’s Performance
Relative to the Aggregate Economy
• Most firms are influenced by economic
expansions and contractions in the business
cycle
• Analysis helps you estimate the future
performance of the firm during subsequent
business cycles
Comparison of a Firm’s Performance
Relative to
its Industry
• Most popular comparison
• Industries affect the firms within them
differently, but the relationship is always
significant
• The industry effect is strongest for industries
with homogenous products
• Examine the industry’s performance relative to
aggregate economic activity
Comparison of a Firm’s Performance
Relative to
its Major Competitors
• Industry averages may not be representative
• Select a subset of competitors to compare to
using cross-sectional analysis, or
• Construct a composite industry average
from industries the firm operates in
 Comparison of a Firm’s Performance
Relative to its Own Historical Track
Record
• Determine whether it is progressing or
declining
• Helpful for estimating future performance
• Consider trends as well as averages over
time
Five Categories of Financial Ratios
1. Common size statements
2. Internal liquidity (solvency)
3. Operating performance
– a. Operating efficiency
– b. Operating profitability
4. Risk analysis
– a. Business risk
– b. Financial risk
– c. External liquidity risky
Five Categories of Financial Ratios
5. Growth analysis
 Common Size Statements
• Normalize balance sheets and income
statement items to allow easier comparison
of different size firms
• A common size balance sheet expresses
accounts as a percentage of total assets
• A common size income statement expresses
all items as a percentage of sales
 Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Internal liquidity (solvency) ratios indicate
the ability to meet future short-term
financial obligations
• Current Ratio examines current assets and
current liabilities
Current Assets
Current Ratio 
Current Liabilities
 Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Quick Ratio adjusts current assets by
removing less liquid assets
Cash  Marketable Securities  Receivables
Quick Ratio 
Current Liabilities
 Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Cash Ratio is the most conservative
liquidity ratio
Cash  Marketable Securities
Cash Ratio 
Current Liabilities
 Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Receivables turnover examines the
quality of accounts receivable
Net Annual Sales
Receivables Turnover 
Average Receivables

• Receivables turnover can be converted into

an average collection period
365
Average Receivables Collection Period 
Annual Turnover
Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Inventory turnover relates inventory to sales
or cost of goods sold (CGS)
Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory Turnover 
Average Inventory
• Given the turnover values, you can compute
the average inventory processing time
Average Inventory Processing Period = 365/Annual
Inventory Turnover
Evaluating Internal Liquidity
• Cash conversion cycle combines
information from the receivables turnover,
inventory turnover, and accounts payable
turnover
Receivable Days
+Inventory Processing Days
-Payables Payment Period
Cash Conversion Cycle
 Evaluating Operating
Performance
• Ratios that measure how well management
is operating a business
– (1) Operating efficiency ratios
• Examine how the management uses its assets and
capital, measured in terms of sales dollars generated
by asset or capital categories
– (2) Operating profitability ratios
• Analyze profits as a percentage of sales and as a
percentage of the assets and capital employed
 Operating Efficiency Ratios
• Total asset turnover ratio indicates the
effectiveness of a firm’s use of its total asset
base (net assets equals gross assets minus
depreciation on fixed assets)

Net Sales
Total Asset Turnover 
Average Total Net Assets
 Operating Efficiency Ratios
• Net fixed asset turnover reflects utilization
of fixed assets

Net Sales
Fixed Asset Turnover 
Average Net Fixed Assets
 Operating Efficiency Ratios
• Equity turnover examines turnover for
capital component

Net Sales
Equity Turnover 
Average Equity
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Operating profitability ratios measure
– 1. The rate of profit on sales (profit margin)
– 2. The percentage return on capital
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Gross profit margin measures the rate of
profit on sales (gross profit equals net sales
minus the cost of goods sold)

Gross Profit
Gross Profit Margin 
Net Sales
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Operating profit margin measures the rate
of profit on sales after operating expenses
(operating profit is gross profit minus sales,
general and administrative (SG + A)
expenses)
Operating Profit
Operating Profit Margin 
Net Sales
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Net profit margin relates net income to sales

Net Income
Net Profit Margin 
Net Sales
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Common size income statement
– It lists all expense and income items as a
percentage of sales and provide useful insights
regarding the trends in cost figures and profit
margins
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Return on total capital relates the firm’s
earnings to all capital in the enterprise

Net Income  Interest Expense

Return on Total Capital 
Average Total Capital
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Return on owner’s equity (ROE) indicates
the rate of return earned on the capital
provided by the stockholders after paying
for all other capital used

Net Income
Return on Total Equity 
Average Total Equity
 Operating Profitability Ratios
• Return on owner’s equity (ROE) can be
computed for the common- shareholder’s
equity

Net Income - Preferred Dividend

Return on Owner' s Equity 
Average Common Equity
Operating Profitability Ratios
• The DuPont System divides the ratio into
several components that provide insights
into the causes of a firm’s ROE and any
changes in it

Net Income Net Income Net Sales

ROE   
Common Equity Net Sales Common Equity

Sales Sales Total Assets

 
Equity Total Assets Equity
Operating Profitability Ratios
Net Income

Common Equity

Net Income Sales Total Assets

  
Sales Total Assets Common Equity

Profit Total Asset Financial

= Margin
x Turnover x Leverage
Operating Profitability Ratios
• An extended DuPont System provides
additional insights into the effect of
financial leverage on the firm and pinpoints
the effect of income taxes on ROE
Operating Profitability Ratios
• An extended DuPont System provides
additional insights into the effect of
financial leverage on the firm and pinpoints
the effect of income taxes on ROE
• We begin with the operating profit margin
(EBIT divided by sales) and introduce
additional ratios to derive an ROE value
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
 
Sales Total Assets Total Assets
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
 
Sales Total Assets Total Assets

This is the operating profit return on total

assets. To consider the negative effects of
financial leverage, we examine the effect of
interest expense as a percentage of total
assets
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
 
Sales Total Assets Total Assets

EBIT Interest Expense Net Before Tax

 
Total Assets Total Assets Total Assets
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
 
Sales Total Assets Total Assets

EBIT Interest Expense Net Before Tax

 
Total Assets Total Assets Total Assets
We consider the positive effect of financial
leverage with the financial leverage multiplier
 Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
 
Sales Total Assets Total Assets

EBIT Interest Expense Net Before Tax

 
Total Assets Total Assets Total Assets

Net Before Tax (NBT) Total Assets Net Before Tax (NBT)
 
Total Assets Common Equity Common Equity
 Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
 
Sales Total Assets Total Assets

EBIT Interest Expense Net Before Tax

 
Total Assets Total Assets Total Assets

Net Before Tax (NBT) Total Assets Net Before Tax (NBT)
 
Total Assets Common Equity Common Equity
This indicates the pretax return on equity. To arrive
at ROE we must consider the tax rate effect.
 Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
 
Sales Total Assets Total Assets

EBIT Interest Expense Net Before Tax

 
Total Assets Total Assets Total Assets

Net Before Tax (NBT) Total Assets Net Before Tax (NBT)
 
Total Assets Common Equity Common Equity
Net Before Tax  Income Taxes  Net Income
 100%  
Common Equity  Net Before Tax  Common Equity
 Operating Profitability Ratios
In summary, we have the following five
components of return on equity (ROE)
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT
1.  Operating Profit Margin
Sales
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT
1.  Operating Profit Margin
Sales
Sales
2.  Total Asset Turnover
Total Assets
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT
1.  Operating Profit Margin
Sales
Sales
2.  Total Asset Turnover
Total Assets
Interest Expense
3.  Interest Expense Rate
Total Assets
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT
1.  Operating Profit Margin
Sales
Sales
2.  Total Asset Turnover
Total Assets
Interest Expense
3.  Interest Expense Rate
Total Assets
Total Assets
4.  Financial Leverage Multiplier
Common Equity
 Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT
1.  Operating Profit Margin
Sales
Sales
2.  Total Asset Turnover
Total Assets
Interest Expense
3.  Interest Expense Rate
Total Assets
Total Assets
4.  Financial Leverage Multiplier
Common Equity
 Income Taxes 
5. 100%    Tax Retention Rate
 Net Before Tax 
 Risk Analysis
• Risk analysis examines the uncertainty of
income flows for the total firm and for the
individual sources of capital
– Debt
– Preferred stock
– Common stock
 Risk Analysis
• Total risk of a firm has two components:
– Business risk
• The uncertainty of income caused by the firm’s industry
• Generally measured by the variability of the firm’s
operating income over time

– Financial risk
• Additional uncertainty of returns to equity holders due
to a firm’s use of fixed obligation debt securities
• The acceptable level of financial risk for a firm depends
on its business risk
 Business Risk
• Variability of the firm’s operating income
over time
 Business Risk
• Measured by variability of the firm’s
operating income over time
• Earnings variability is measured by
standard deviation of the historical
operating earnings series
 Business Risk
• Two factors contribute to the variability of
operating earnings
– Sales variability
– Operating leverage
 Financial Risk
• Bonds interest payments come before earnings
are available to stockholders
• These are fixed obligations
• Similar to fixed production costs, these lead to
larger earnings during good times, and lower
earnings during a business decline
• This debt financing increases the financial risk
and possibility of default
 Financial Risk
• Relationship between business risk and
financial risk
– Acceptable level of financial risk for a firm
depends on its business risk
 Financial Risk
• Proportion of debt (balance sheet) ratios
indicate what proportion of the firm’s
capital is derived from debt compared to
other sources of capital, such as preferred
stock, common stock, and retained
earnings.
 Financial Risk
• Proportion of debt (balance sheet) ratios
Total Long - Term Debt
Debt - Equity Ratio 
Total Equity

This may be computed with and without

deferred taxes
 Financial Risk
• Long-term debt/total capital ratio indicates
the proportion of long-term capital derived
from long-term debt capital
 Financial Risk
• Long-term debt/total capital ratio indicates
the proportion of long-term capital derived
from long-term debt capital

L.T. Debt - Total L.T. Capital Ratio

Total Long - Term Debt


Total Long - Term Capital
 Financial Risk
• Total debt ratios compare total debt (current
liabilities plus long-term liabilities) to total
capital (total debt plus total equity)
 Financial Risk
• Total debt ratios compare total debt (current
liabilities plus long-term liabilities) to total
capital (total debt plus total equity)

Total Interest - Bearing Debt/Total Capital

Total Interest Debt


Total Capital
 Financial Risk
• Earnings or Cash Flow Ratios
– Relate the flow of earnings
– Cash available to meet the payments
– Higher ratio means lower risk
 Financial Risk
• Interest Coverage
Income Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)

Debt Interest Charges

Net Income  Income Taxes  Interest Expense


Interest Expense
 Financial Risk
• Firms may also have non-interest fixed
payments due for lease obligations
• The risk effect is similar to bond risk
• Bond-rating agencies typically add 1/3 lease
payments as the interest component of the
lease obligations
 Financial Risk
• Total fixed charge coverage includes any
noncancellable lease payments and any
preferred dividends paid out of earnings
after taxes
 Financial Risk
• Total fixed charge coverage includes any
noncancellable lease payments and any
preferred dividends paid out of earnings
after taxes
Fixed Charge Coverage 

Income Before Interest, Taxes, and Lease Payments

Debt Interest  Lease Payments  Preferred Dividend/(1 - Tax Rate)
 Financial Risk
• Cash flow ratios relate the flow of cash
available from operations to either interest
expense, total fixed charges, or the face
value of outstanding debt
 Financial Risk
Cash Flow Coverage 

Traditional Cash Flow  Interest  1/3 Lease Payments

Interest  1 / 3 Lease Payments
 Financial Risk
Cash Flow / Long - Term Debt 

Net Income  Depreciation Expense  Change in Deferred Tax

Book Value of Long - Term Debt
 Financial Risk
Cash Flow / Total Debt 

Net Income  Depreciation Expense  Change in Deferred Tax

Total Debt
 Financial Risk
• Alternative Measures of Cash Flow
– Cash flow from operation
– Free cash flow
 External Market Liquidity
• Market Liquidity is the ability to buy or sell
an asset quickly with little price change
from a prior transaction assuming no new
information
• External market liquidity is a source of risk
to investors
 External Market Liquidity
Determinants of Market Liquidity
• The dollar value of shares traded
– This can be estimated from the total market
value of outstanding securities
– It will be affected by the number of security
owners
– Numerous buyers and sellers provide liquidity
 External Market Liquidity
• Trading turnover (percentage of outstanding
shares traded during a period of time)
 External Market Liquidity
• A measure of market liquidity is the bid-ask
spread
• Certain corporate variables
– Total market value of outstanding securities
(number of common shares outstanding times
the market price per share)
– Number of security owners
 Analysis of Growth Potential
• Sustainable growth potential analysis
examines ratio that indicate how fast a firm
should grow.
• Creditors are interested in the firm’s ability
to pay future obligations
• Value of a firm depends on its future
growth in earnings and dividends
 Determinants of Growth
• Resources retained and reinvested in the entity
• Rate of return earned on the resources retained

= RR x ROE
where: of Earnings Retained  Return on Equity
g  Percentage
g = potential growth rate
RR = the retention rate of earnings
ROE = the firm’s return on equity
 Determinants of Growth
• ROE is a function of
– Net profit margin
– Total asset turnover
– Financial leverage (total assets/equity)
Comparative Analysis of Ratios
• Internal liquidity
– Current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio
• Operating performance
– Efficiency ratios and profitability ratios
• Risk Analysis
• Growth analysis
 Analysis of
Non-U.S. Financial Statements
• Statement formats will be different
• Differences in accounting principles
• Ratio analysis will reflect local accounting
practices
 The Quality of Financial
Statements
• High-quality balance sheets typically have
– Conservative use of debt
– Assets with market value greater than book
– No liabilities off the balance sheet
 The Quality of Financial
Statements
• High-quality income statements reflect repeatable
earnings
• Gains from nonrecurring items should be ignored
when examining earnings
• High-quality earnings result from the use of
conservative accounting principles that do not
overstate revenues or understate costs
• Footnotes
– Provide information on how the firm handles balances
sheet and income items
 The Value of
Financial Statement Analysis
• Financial statements, by their nature, are
backward-looking
• An efficient market will have already
incorporated these past results into security
prices, so why analyze the statements?
• Analysis provides knowledge of a firm’s
operating and financial structure
• This aids in estimating future returns
 Specific Uses of Financial Ratios

1. Stock valuation
2. Identification of corporate variables
affecting a stock’s systematic risk (beta)
3. Assigning credit quality ratings on bonds
4. Predicting insolvency (bankruptcy) of firms
 Stock Valuation Models
Valuation models attempt to derive a value based
upon one of several cash flow or relative valuation
models
All valuation models are influenced by:
• Expected growth rate of earnings, cash flows, or dividends
• Required rate of return on the stock
Financial ratios can help in estimating these critical
inputs
 Stock Valuation Models
• Financial Ratios
1. Average debt/equity
2. Average interest coverage
3. Average dividend payout
4. Average return on equity
5. Average retention rate
6. Average market price to book value
7. Average market price to cash flow
8. Average market price to sales
 Stock Valuation Models
• Variability Measures
1. Coefficient of variation of operating earnings
2. Coefficient of variation of sales
3. Coefficient of variation of net income
4. Systematic risk (beta)
• Nonratio Variables
1. Average growth rate of earnings
 Estimating Systematic Risk
• Financial Ratios
1. Dividend payout
2. Total debt/total assets
3. Cash flow/total debt
4. Interest coverage
5. Working capital/total assets
6. Current Ratio
 Estimating Systematic Risk
• Variability Measures
1. Variance of operating earnings
2. Coefficient of variation of operating earnings
3. Coefficient of variation of operating profit
margins
4. Operating earnings beta (company earnings
related to aggregate earnings)
 Estimating Systematic Risk
• Nonratio Variables
1. Asset size
2. Market value of stock outstanding
 Estimating the Ratings on Bond
• Financial Ratios
1. Long-term debt/total assets
2. Total debt/total capital
3. Net income plus depreciation (cash flow)/long term
senior debt
4. Cash flow/total debt
5. Net income plus interest/interest expense (fixed
charge coverage)
6. Cash flow/interest expense
Estimating the Ratings on Bond

7. Market value of stock/par value of bonds

8. Net operating profit/sales
9. Net income/owners’ equity (ROE)
10. Net income/total assets
11. Working capital/sales
12. Sales/net worth (equity turnover)
 Estimating the Ratings on Bond
• Variability Ratios
1. Coefficient of variation (CV) of net earnings
2. Coefficient of variation of return on assets
• Nonratio variables
1. Subordination of the issue
2. Size of the firm (total assets)
3. Issue size
4. Par value of all publicly traded bonds of the firm
 Predicting Insolvency
(Bankruptcy)
• Financial Ratios
1. Cash flow/total debt
2. Cash flow/long-term debt
3. Sales/total assets
4. Net income/total assets
5. EBIT/total assets
6. Total debt/total assets
 Financial Ratios and
Insolvency (Bankruptcy)
7. Market value of stock/book value of debt
8. Working capital/total assets
9. Retained earnings/total assets
10. Current ratio
11. Working capital/sales
 Limitations of Financial Ratios
• Accounting treatments may vary among firms,
especially among non-U.S. firms
• Firms may have have divisions operating in
different industries making it difficult to derive
industry ratios
• Results may not be consistent
• Ratios outside an industry range may be cause
for concern
 Summary
• Financial statement analysis help investors
make decisions on investing in a firm’ s
bonds or stock.
• A trend analysis of a firm’s financial ratios
will be insightful
• Financial ratios should be examined relative
to the economy, the firm’s industry, and the
firm’s main competitors
 Summary
• The specific ratios can be divided into four
categories:
– Internal liquidity
– Operating performance
– Risk analysis
– Growth analysis
 Summary
• Analysts must consider differences in
format and in accounting principle that
cause different values for specific ratio
when analyzing the financial statements for
non-US firms
 Summary
• Four major uses of financial ratios :
– Stock valuation
– Analysis of variables affecting a stock’s
systematic risk
– Assigning credit ratings on bonds
– Predicting insolvency (bankruptcy)
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End of Chapter 12
–Analysis of Financial
Statements
 Future topics
Chapter 11
• An Introduction to Security Valuation