1.

Number Systems

Location in course
textbook

Chapt. 1
 Common Number Systems
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No

Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125
Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448

46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176

A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560

274810
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1

2 31 0
15 1
2
7 1
2
2 3 1

2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
19 2
8
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2

16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal

33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
 Review – multiplying powers
• For common bases, add powers
ab  ac = ab+c

26  210 = 216 = 65,536

or…
26  210 = 64  210 = 64k
 Addition and subtraction of
different number having same
base without converting their
bases
 Binary Addition (1 of 2)
• Two 1-bit values

A B A+ B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”
 Binary Addition (2 of 2)
• Two n-bit values
– Add individual bits
– Propagate carries
– E.g.,
1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
 Example of other bases
(3134)5 +(3133)5=

1 1 1 Qut.
Here , 4+3=7 invalid digit for base -5
3134
+ 3133 So, 7/5(divide by base number)
Rem. =1 (quotient) carry
11322 =2 (remainder ) sum

(11322)5 Answer
 Subtraction

(7342)8 + (5164)8 =
Whenever we need borrow, base 8
no. gives borrow 8
2 (8+3) (8+2)
Here no. 2 needs borrow
7 3 4 2
5 1 6 4 So, borrow 8 + no itself become

2 1 5 6 (8 + 2 = 10)

Now, 10 – 4 = 6

Ans – (2156)8
 Multiplication (1 of 3)
• Decimal (just for fun)

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675

pp. 39
 Multiplication (2 of 3)
• Binary, two 1-bit values

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 Multiplication (3 of 3)
• Binary, two n-bit values
– As with decimal values
– E.g.,
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
 Fractions
• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
 Fractions
• Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50
 Fractions
• Decimal to binary x
.14579
2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
Thank you