PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA AIR

TINJAUAN WADUK
Daftar Isi:
• Waduk dan Komponen nya
– Reservoir purposes (Peruntukan Waduk)
– Dam Structures (Struktur Bendungan)
– Spillways (Pelimpah)
– Gates and Sluiceways (Pintu dan Laluan Keluar)
– Reservoir Storage (Daya Tampung Waduk)
• Relation Between Reservoir Yield and Capacity
• Reservoir Site Selection
• Design Capacity
– Useful Storage
– Surcharge Storage
– Dead Storage
• Reservoir Sedimentation Control
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Reservoirs and its components:

• Reservoir Purposes:
– Single purpose
– Multi purposes
• Dam Structures:
– Concrete Dams
– Earth fill Dams
– Rock fill Dams
• Spillways:
– Overflow spillway
– Chute spillway
– Side channel spillway
– Shaft spillway
– Siphon Spillway
– Service and Emergency spillway
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• Gates and Sluiceways:
– Stoplog
– Vertical lift Gate
– Radial Gate
– Rolling Gate
– Drum Gate
– Moveable Dam (Rubber Dam)
– Etc.
• Reservoir storage (See Figure) :
– Pool level during design flood,
– Normal Pool Level,
– Minimum Pool Level
– Useful Storage
– Dead Storage
– Surcharge Storage
– Bank Storage and Valley Storage
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Reservoir Storage

Normal Spillway crest

Maximum
Pool Level
Pool Level
Surcharge Storage

Ban Useful Storage

k Stor Dam
Stream bed age
Dead Storage
Natural stream surface before dam
Vall
ey S
Minimum t ora Sluiceway
ge
Pool Level
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Kedungombo Dam
Rockfill Dam
Riam Kanan Dam
Earthfill Dam
Typical Cross Section of Dam
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Siruar Regulating Dam
Concrete Gravity Dam
Siguragura Intake Dam
Concrete Gravity Dam
Tangga Intake Dam
Concrete Arch
Side Channel Spillway
Chute Spillway
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Relation between reservoir yield and Capacity:
– Area Capacity curve, Elevation-storage and Elevation-Area
Curve
– Reservoir Yield: The amount of water that can be supplied
from the reservoir during a specified interval of time. The time
interval may vary from a day for a small distribution reservoir
to a year or more for a large storage reservoir.
– Save or Firm Yield is the maximum quantity of water that can
be guaranteed during a critical dry period.
– Yield is treated in probabilistic terms.
– If the basin yield, in a river flows is constant at all time, then no
reservoir will be required. The reservoir will be badly needed
if the river flows is varied. In a monsoon areas, the reservoir
will be needed during the dry season.
– The selection of reservoir capacity is an economic decision,
based on costs and benefits for various risk that will be
accepted.
 Reservoirs Assessment
Area Capacity Curve
Reservoir Area (102 Ha)
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
70
Reservoir Water Level (El. m)

60 Normal Pool Level 57.00 m

Min. Pool Level 50.00 m

50

40 Dead Storage 6 x 106 m3

Useful Storage 21 x 106 m3
33
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Storage Volume (106 m3)
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Jatiluhur
Reservoir
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Wadas Lintang
Reservoir
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Relation between reservoir yield and Capacity (Continue):

– The design level of reservoir capacity is dependent of
acceptable risk that yield will not always be realized.
Difference purposes have difference associated risk.
– Low design yield is given to a reservoir that supply a municipal
water, in doing so, the time period with yield below the firm
yield is short.
– In irrigation system the level of tolerance is 20%. It is accepted
that 20% of the year will be shortage of water supply.
– Energy commitments to domestic users from hydropower
must be on firm bases, unless there are alternatives sources
of power supply.
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Site Selection:
– Reservoir capacity should be enough to store
the required water
– Impervious
– Deeper is prefer than shallow reservoir
– Close enough to the water demand site
– Avoid tributary with high sediment yield
– Bulk water transport can be done by gravity
– Close to the quarry
– No productive and settlement areas are
inundated
– No objection due to the Environmental Impact
Analysis
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Location of
Bengoh Reservoir
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Design Capacity:
• Useful Storage
– Simulation of Reservoir Operation
• Selected “critical period” of very low flow
• Using of a long synthetic record
– Operation Study may be performed with annual, monthly,
or daily time intervals.
Monthly is much commonly used, but for large reservoir that
carry over storage for many years, annual interval are
satisfactory. For very small reservoirs, a weekly or daily interval
should be used.
– Mass Curve (Rippl Diagram)
This is a cumulative plotting of reservoir inflow. Usually used
for critical period of very low flow. Demand lines representing a
uniform rate of demand are straight lines. (See Figure)
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500

450
Mass inflow 1000 cu m

400

350

300

250

a r
200 / ye
m
0 cu
5 .00
150 =7
l ope
S
100
50
1932 1933 1934 1935
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– Sequent-peak algorithm
This method is used when using a long (synthetic) record.
Values of cumulative sum of inflow minus withdrawals (including
average evaporation and seepage) are calculated. The first peak
and the sequent peak (next following peak that is greater than the
first peak are identified. The required storage for the intervals the
difference between the initial peak and the lowest through in the
interval.

(+)
 (flow – demand)

Maximum
Storage
Storage

Time

(-)
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Reservoirs Assessment
– What reservoir capacity is required to produce a yield (at uniform rate) a 70
thousand cu m/year for a site where the monthly flow into the reservoir
during a critical flow period as tabulated in the following table (in 1000 cu
m):

October 18 cu m 5 15
November 22 6 17
December 17 6 25
January 26 5 47
February 15 3 16
March 32 2 18
April 8 1 7
May 3 0 4
June 0 0 0
July 0 0 1
August 0 0 3
September 0 7 4
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Dead Storage:
– Sedimentation transport by streams :
• Bedload, No practical device for field measurement is
now in used. Commonly thought that bedload lies
between 5 to 25 % of suspended-load.
• Suspended-sediment load, measured by sampling the
water. Expressed in ppm = parts per million, i.e.:
weight of sediment divided by weight of sediment and
water, and multiplied by 106.
• Relation between suspended-sediment transport Qs
and streamflow Q is:
Qs = k Q n
where n varies between 2 and 3. Sediment Rating
Curve in logarithmic paper will be a straight line.
Capacity inflow ratio
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– Reservoir Sedimentation :
The percent of inflowing sediments that are retained in a
reservoir (Trap Efficiency) is a function of the ratio of
reservoir capacity to the total inflow (annual inflow).

CIR 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

87.5 92.5 95.0 95.5 96.0 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0
TE

Reservoir trap-efficiency (TE) as a function of the capacity-inflow ration (CIR)

for the Reservoirs in India
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– Dead Storage Calculation

Problem Statement (an example):

Find the probable life of a reservoir with an initial
capacity of 40 millions cu m if the average annual
inflow is 80 million cu m and the average annual
sediment inflow is 220,000 tons. Assume a
specific weight of 1.15 Tons per cu m. The useful
life of the reservoir will terminate when 80 percent
of its initial capacity is filled with sediment.
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Solution:
Capacity Capacity Trap Efficiency Annual Incre- Years
ment
(106 m3) Inflow Sediment to fill
Ratio Trap
At Average (106 (106 (106
Indicated for Tons) m3) m3)
volume increment
(%) (%)
40 0.5 96.0

32 0.4 95.5 95.75 .21065 .18317 8.0 43.7

24 0.3 95.0 95.25 .20955 .18222 8.0 43.9

16 0.2 92.5 93.75 .20625 .17935 8.0 44.6

8 0.1 87.5 90.00 .19800 .17273 8.0 46.5

TOTAL 178.7
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Reservoir Sediment Control

– Accumulation of sediment in the reservoir (not

necessarily in dead storage)
– Soil-conservation method.
– Means for discharging of some sediment
– Physical removal of sediment deposits
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Xiaolangdi Dam Silt Cleaning Work

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Reservoirs Assessment
Surcharge Storage Design
• Routing through Uncontrolled Reservoir (manually)
I = O + dS/dt where:
I = Inflow (m3/sec)
O = Outflow
dS/dt = change in volume of water in the storage
For time = t, the formula can be written as:
t *(I1 + I2)/2 – t * (O1 + O2)/2 = S2 – S1
I1 and I2 are known from the flood hydrograph (inflow)
S1 is initial volume of water store up to the spillway crest level.
O1 is initial outflow from the spillway, and calculated as:
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O1 is initial outflow from the spillway, and calculated as:
Q = CLH 1.5 , where
Q = discharge that flowing through spillway crest
C = spillway coefficient
L = Spillway Length
H
H = Height of water above the crest
L

Routing formula can be re-arrange to become:

½ (I1 + I2) * t + (S1 – ½ O1 * t) = S2 + ½ O2* t
or
S2 + ½ O2* t = ½ (I1 + I2) * t + (S1 – ½ O1 * t) (1.16)
The routing is shown in the following table
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Spillway rating curve

Elevation (m)

Discharge (m3/sec)
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 Routing through Uncontrolled spillway (L = 125 m)
Time Inflow ½ (I1 +I2) S + O/2 Outflow Elv.
(hour) (m3/sec) (m3/sec) (1hr m3/s) (m3/sec)
0 0 7500 0 57.0
1 11 5 7505 5
2 33 22 7522 5
3 77 55 7572 9
4 217 147 7710 25
5 815 516 8201 83
6 1911 1363 9481 294
7 2450 2180 11367 842
8 2441 2445 12970 1239
9 2198 2319 14050 1706
10 1889 2043 14387 1898 60.9
11 1308 1508 14087 1708
12 811 1059 13438 1348
13 558 684 12744 1187
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Routing Results for different spillway lengths

Spillway Peak Peak Peak Peak

Length Inflow Outflow Depth Level
(m) (m3/sec) (m3/sec) (m) (m)
100 2450 1711 4.18 61,18

125 2450 1898 3.86 60.89

150 2450 1910 3.43 60.43

50 2450 1155 5.11 62.11
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2500 6

2000
5
Peak Outflow

Peak Depth
1500

4
1000

3
500

0 2
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Spillway Length
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Division of Multipurpose Reservoir Storage

Spillway crest

Flood Control

Energy Supply Falling

Head
Water Supply

Dead Storage
HEP

Sluiceway
Irrigation
& Other
Water Supply
 Sumof Inflow
minus Demand
(acre-ft)

100
200

0
1
6
11
16
Time (Month) 21
26
31
Sequent Peak Algorithm

36
 Rippl Diagram

350

300
Mass Inflow (acre-ft)

250

200

150

100

50

0
1

13

16

19

25

28
10

22

31

34
Time (Month)