FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS
Prodi S1 Akuntansi
Application of the Concept of Sequence and Arithmetic Series in Economics
MATHEMATICS ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS
WHAT IS THE ROW?
2
THEN, WHAT IS THE LINE?
3
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
LINE ROW
Arithmetic sequence ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
4
Arithmetic sequence
Definition
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers where the difference
between two consecutive terms is always a constant number
The fixed number is called a difference and is denoted by b.
Also pay attention to the following sequence of numbers. a. 1, 4,
7, 10, 13, ...
b. 2, 8, 14, 20, ... Arithmetic sequence
c. 30, 25, 20, 15, ...
EXAMPLE:
a. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ...
+3 +3 +3 +3
In this sequence, the next term is obtained from the
previous term plus 3. It can be said that the
difference between the terms is 3 or b = 3.
b. 2, 8, 14, 20, ...
+6 +6 +6
In this sequence, the next term is obtained from the previous term
plus 6. It can be said that the difference between the terms is 6 or
b = 6.
c. 30, 25, 20, 15, ...
–5 –5 –5
In this sequence, the next term is derived from the previous
term plus –5. It can be said that the difference between the
tribes is –5 or b = –5.
In general, it can be said as follows.
If Un is the n number of the arithmetic
sequence then b = Un - Un - 1 applies.
The general formula for the nth term of an arithmetic
sequence with the first term (U) is denoted by a and
difference with b 1can be determined as follows.
U1 = a
U2 = U1 + b = a + b
U3 = U2 + b = (a + b) + b = a + 2b
U4 = U3 + b = (a + 2b) + b = a + 3b
U5 = U4 + b = (a + 3b) + b = a + 4b
.
.
.
Un = Un-1 + b = a + (n – 1)b
So, the formula for the nth term of the arithmetic
sequence is
Description: Un = the nth term a =
the first term
Un = a + (n – 1)b
b = different
n = many terms
EXAMPLE 1
Find the 8th and 20th terms from the sequence –3,
2, 7, 12, ....
Answer:
–3, 2, 7, 12,…
The first term is a = –3 and
difference b = 2 - (–3) = 5.
By substituting a and b, we get:
Un = –3 + (n - 1) 5.
8th term: U8 = –3 + (8 - 1) 5 = 32.
20th term: U20 = –3 + (20 - 1) 5 = 92.
EXAMPLE 2
Given the arithmetic sequence –2, 1, 4, 7, ..., 40. Find the
number of terms for the sequence.
Answer:
Given the arithmetic sequence –2, 1, 4, 7, ..., 40.
From this sequence, we get a = –2, b = 1 - (–2) = 3, and
Un = 40.
The formula for the nth term is Un = a + (n - 1) b so that;
40 = –2 + (n - 1) 3
40 = 3n - 5
3n = 45
Since 3n = 45, we get n = 15.
So, the number of terms in the sequence above is 15.
B. Arithmetic progression
Definition
Let U1, U2, U3, ..., Un be terms of an arithmetic
sequence. Dn = U1 + U2 + U3 + ... + Undis called
the arithmetic sequence
The arithmetic sequence is the sum of the first n
terms of the arithmetic sequence. The sum of the
first n terms of a sequence of numbers is denoted
D.
Thus, Dn = U1 + U2 + U3 + ... + Un. To understand
the steps for determining the Dn formula, consider
the following example:
Determine the general formula for D as follows. Note that the general formula for the
nth term of an arithmetic sequence is
Dn = U1 + U2 + U3 +… + Un-2 + Un-1 + Un.
It can be stated that the magnitude of each term is b less than the next term.
Un-1 = Un - b
Un-2 = Un-1 - b = Un - 2b
Un-3 = Un-2 - b = Un - 3b
And so on so that Dn can be written
Dn = a + (a + b) + (a + 2b) + ... + (Un-2b) + (Un-b) + Un ... (1)
So, the general formula for the sum of the first n
terms of an arithmetic series is
Dn = (1/2) n (a + Un)
Dn = (1/2) n (2a + (n - 1) b)
Information:
Dn = the number of n first terms
a = the first term
b = different
Un = the nth term
n = many terms
Example:
Find the sum of the first 100 terms in the series 2 + 4
+ 6 + 8 + ....
Answer:
Note that a = 2, b = 4 - 2 = 2, and n = 100.
1
D100 = x 100 {2 (2) + (100 - 1) 2}
2
= 50 {4 + 198}
= 50 (202)
= 10,100
So, the sum of the first 100 terms in the series is
10,100.
example
Count the sum of all natural numbers, multiples of 3 that are less
than 100.
Answer:
The natural multiples of 3, which are less than 100, are 3, 6, 9,
12, ..., 99, so you get
a = 3, b = 3, and Un = 99.
First, we look for n as follows;
Un = a + (n - 1) b
99 = 3 + (n - 1) 3
3n = 99
n = 33
The sum of the series is
Dn =1 n (a + U )
n
2
D33 =1 x 33(3 + 99)
2
= 1.683
So, the sum of the natural numbers, multiples of 3,
that is less than 100 is 1.683
How is the Application of the Concept of Arithmetic Sequences and
DO YOU KNOW? Series to Economics?
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