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Design of Steel Structures - Introduction

The document discusses steel as a structural material. It provides an overview of the history and production of steel. Some key points include that modern steel was first produced in the 18th century in England and the Bessemer process in 1856 improved efficient production. It then discusses properties of structural steel and its advantages as a building material like high strength, ductility, recyclability. The document also covers steel making processes, stress-strain curves, loads and forces on structures, and design philosophies like working stress, ultimate load and limit state methods.

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90 views32 pages

Design of Steel Structures - Introduction

The document discusses steel as a structural material. It provides an overview of the history and production of steel. Some key points include that modern steel was first produced in the 18th century in England and the Bessemer process in 1856 improved efficient production. It then discusses properties of structural steel and its advantages as a building material like high strength, ductility, recyclability. The document also covers steel making processes, stress-strain curves, loads and forces on structures, and design philosophies like working stress, ultimate load and limit state methods.

Uploaded by

shiji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of steel structures -

INTRODUCTION
Principal modern building materials
 Masonry
 Reinforced and prestressed concrete
 Glass
 Plastic
 Structural steel
 Timber
Steel and its History
 17th century – frequently used
 19th century – efficient production – Bessemer process
 Modern steel – first produced in 1738 –Sheffield, England – crucible

steel – very pure – difficult and expensive to produce


 Henry Bessemer – economical steel production – 1856
 Steel production – 50 countries

◦ China – largest producer & largest consumer


◦ Japan – largest exporter
◦ India – 3rd largest producer
 Current per capita consumption of steel
◦ India – 45 kg
◦ Brazil – 100 kg
◦ China – 250 kg
◦ Global average – 198 kg
Steel and its History
 SAIL – largest producer – capacity – 13.8
million tonnes
 TATA steel – 7 million tonnes
 JSW steel – 6.9 million tonnes

 60% of the steel produced – recycled – n


times of recycling – properties not altered
Structural Steel
 Steel is an alloy which mainly contains iron and carbon
- a small percentage of manganese, silicon, phosphorus,
nickel and copper
 Commonly contains < 2% Carbon

< 1% Manganese
 Upto 2 % carbon – carbon steel
 More than 2% carbon – cast steel
 More carbon – high strength, hardness, corrosion

resistance
- Low malleability, ductility & weldability
Structural Steel
 Carbon steel – carbon
and manganese – extra
elements
 High strength carbon

steel – increasing the


carbon content – less
ductility
 Stainless Steel –

Foreign material –
nickel and chromium –
small percentage of
carbon
Where & when use steel structures?

 Long-span structures
 Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
 Buildings of heavy duty plants
 Tower & mast structures
 Portal frames
 Bridges
 Infrastructures
 Deployable structures
 Generalized structures: mechanical

Advantages of steel as structural material
 High strength per unit weight
◦ 3.5 times more efficient than concrete

 High ductility
◦ Withstand extensive deformation without failure under high tensile stresses

 Uniformity
◦ Quality invariably superior
◦ Properties of steel do not change appreciably with time

 Environment friendly
◦ Recyclable - saves energy and primary resources
◦ Cans to strong suspension cables
Advantages of steel as structural material
 Versatility
◦ Possible to fasten different members together by welding, bolting or
riveting
◦ Be rolled into a wide variety of sizes and shapes

 Prefabrication
◦ Manufactured at the factory under strict supervision and quality control
◦ Results in the proper planning of construction
◦ Saving in time and money, speedy erection
◦ Better quality of finished structures.

 Permanence
◦ Last indefinitely if properly maintained
◦ Easily repairable at almost any stage of corrosion
Advantages of steel as structural material
 Additions to existing structures
◦ Repair, retrofit & strengthening is simpler
◦ Existing steel structures can be expanded

 Least disturbance to the community


◦ Fast track construction techniques
◦ Least disruption to traffic
◦ Minimize financial losses
◦ Far less environmental pollution

 Fracture toughness
◦ Ability to absorb energy in large amounts
◦ Can be subjected to large deformation during fabrication and erection
without failure
◦ Can be bent, hammered, sheared and have holes punched
Disadvantages of steel as structural material
 Maintenance cost
 Fireproofing costs
 Susceptibility to buckling
 Fatigue
 Brittle fracture – cold weather effects
 Residual stresses
STEEL MAKING
https://sail.co.in/learnings_centres/home.html

Stress – Strain Curve
Steel Properties
Primary properties
 Minimum yield stress (fy)

 Minimum tensile strength (fu)

 Modulus of Elasticity (E) – measure of a material’s axial stiffness

= 2 x 105 MPa
 Shear Modulus (G) – measure of a materials shear stiffness

= 0.769 x 105 MPa


Secondary properties
 Poisson’s ratio (μ) – 0.3 & 0.5 in elastic and plastic ranges

 Coefficient of thermal expansion (α) – 12 x 10-6 / 0 C

 Ductility
Loads & Forces (Cl. 3.2, pg15)
 Dead loads (IS: 875 - Part I)
 Live loads (IS: 875 - Part II)
 Wind loads (IS: 875 – Part III)
 Earthquake loads (IS: 1893)
 Erection loads
 Accidental loads (blast)
 Secondary effects (due to temperature changes, differential settlement,
eccentric connections, rigidity of joints)
Load combinations (Table 4, pg 29)
 1.5 (DL+IL)+1.05(CL or SL)
 1.2 (DL+IL)+1.05(CL or SL) ± 0.6(WL or EL)
 1.2 (DL+IL ± WL or EL) + 0.53 (CL or SL)
 1.5 (DL ± WL or EL)
 0.9 DL ± 1.5 (WL or EL)
 1.2 (DL + ER)
 0.9 DL + 1.2 ER
 DL + 0.35 (IL + CL or SL) + AL

DL – dead load, IL – Imposed load, WL – Wind load, SL – snow load,


CL – crane load, AL – accidental load, ER – erection load and EL –
earthquake load
Design considerations
 Aim of a Structural designer
– Fulfill intended purpose during intended life time
- Be adequately safe ( strength, stability and structural integrity)
- Have adequate serviceability ( stiffness, durability etc.)
- Aesthetically pleasing
- Environment friendly
Design Philosophies
Design Philosophies
 Working stress method
◦ Based on elastic theory
◦ FOS = Strength of member
Expected force
◦ IS:800-1984
◦ Reserve strength beyond elastic limit – neither quantified nor
utilized.
◦ Failure mode not visualized
◦ Lead to unconservative design
Design Philosophies
 Ultimate load method
◦ Inelastic range or plastic range is considered.
◦ Failure (collapse or extremely large deformations)
◦ Load factor x working load = Ultimate load
◦ Smaller sections than WSM
◦ Failure mode can be visualized
◦ Serviceability conditions not considered
◦ No material safety factor introduced
◦ Same load factor for all loads in the load combinations
Limit state method
 The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability
requirements before failure occurs is called a limit state.

 Limit states of collapse/strength

 Limit states of serviceability


Limit states of strength/collapse
 Stability against overturning
 Stability against sway
 Fatigue
 Brittle fracture

Limit states of serviceability


 Deflection
 Vibrations
 Dynamic Effects
 Corrosion and Durability
 Ponding
 Fire resistance

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