Collective Model

Collective Model
Collective Model
Shell model fails for electric quadrupole moments.
• Nuclei Z N Character j Qobs. Qsp. Qobs/Qsp

• 17O 8 9 doubly magic+1n 5/2 -2.6 -0.1 20
• 39K 19 20 doubly magic -1p 3/2 +5.5 +5 1.1
• 175Lu 71 104 between shells 7/2 +560 -25 -20
• 209 Bi 83 126 doubly magic+1p 9/2 -35 -30 1.1
Many quadrupole moments are larger than predicted by the model.
Consider collective motion of all nucleons

Collective Model
• Two types of collective effects : nuclear deformation leading to
collective modes of excitation, collective oscillations and rotations.
• Collective model combines both liquid drop model and shell model.
• A net nuclear potential due to filled core shells exists.
• Nucleons in the unfilled shells move independently under the

influence of this core potential.
• Potential is not necessarily spherically symmetric but may deform.

Collective Model
• Interaction between outer (valence) and core
nucleons lead to permanent deformation of
the potential.
• Deformation represents collective motion of
nucleons in the core and are related to liquid
drop model.
• Two major types of collective motion
– Vibrations: Surface oscillations
– Rotations : Rotation of a deformed shape
Vibrations
• A nearly closed shell should have spherical surface
which is deformable. Excited states oscillate about this
spherical surface.
• Simplest collective motion is simple harmonic oscillation
about equilibrium.W=0 static deformation, due to
Coulomb repulsion. A<150 it is negligible.
V V V
x x x
W=0V W>0,, <x>=0 <x>=0V W<0, <x>=0

deformation
Vibrations
Average shape is spherical but instantenous shape is not.
Vibrations
• It is convenient to give the instantaneous coordinate R(t)
of a point on the nuclear surface at (, ) in terms of the
spherical harmonics ,
λ
R(t)  R avr   α λμ (t) Yλμ (θ, φ)
λ μ  λ
Due to reflection symmetry
 λμ   λ, -μ
Vibrations
=0, vibration:Monopole
R(t)=Ravr +00 Y00
Breathing mode of a compressible fluid.
The lowest excitation is in nuclei with A grater than about

40 at an energy above the ground state
E0  80 A-1/3 MeV
Dipole Vibrations
• λ=1,Vibration:Dipole
1
R(t)  R avr  α
μ  1
1μ Y1μ (θθφ)
 R avr  α 11 Y11  α10 Y10  α 1, -1 Y1, -1

 R avr  α10 Y10 α 1μ  0 for μ  0 ( α 1, -1  α 11 and Y1, -1   Y11 )
3/2
1 3 
 R avr  α10   cosθ
2  2π 
Dipole Vibrations
• The dipole mode corresponds to an overall translation of the
centre of the nuclear fluid. Proton and neutron fluid oscillate
against each other out of phase. It occurs at very high
energies, of the order 10-25 MeV depending on the nucleus.
This is a collective isovector (I = 1) mode. It has quantum
numbers J=1- - in even-even nuclei, occurs at an energy
• E1  77 A-1/3 MeV
• above the ground state, which is close to that of the
monopole resonance
• Energy of the giant dipole resonance should be compared
with shell model energy
• E1  77 A-1/3 MeV=wg Eshell  40 A-1/3 MeV=w0
Quadrupole Vibrations
• λ=2,Vibration
1
R(t)  R avr  α
μ  1
1μ Y1μ (θθφ)
 R avr  α 22 Y22  α 21Y21  α 20 Y20  α 21Y21  α 2, -2 Y2, -2

 R avr  α 20 Y20 α 2μ  0 for μ  0 (for ellipsoidal shape, R is a function of θ)
1/2
15
 R avr  α 20 2
  (3cos θ - 1)
4π
The shape of the surface can be described by Y2m

m=±2, ±1, 0.In the case of an ellipsoid R=R(θ) hence m=0.
• Quantization of quadrupole vibration is
called a quadrupole phonon, Jπ=2+. This
mode is dominant. For most even-even
nuclei, a low lying state with Jπ=2+ exists
and near closed shells second harmonic
states can be seen w/ Jπ=0+, 2+ , 4+ .
• A giant quadrupole resonance at
E2  63 A-1/3 MeV
• For a harmonic motion
1 1 1 d 1
H  mv  mw r  B | α 2μ |  C | α 2μ | 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 μ dt 2 μ
1/2
5 C
E N  (N  )ω; ω   
2  B
Quadrupole Vibrational Levels of 114Cd
of phonons E
4  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.283
N=2  
2ω 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.208 two-phonon triplet
0  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.132

N=1 1ω 2 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.558 single-phonon state
N=0 0ω 0 
--------------- 0
ground state
  3 vibrations :
Octupole modes with λ=3 w/ Jπ=3 can be observed in many nuclei.

Nuclear Rotations
In the shell model, core is at rest and only valance
nucleon rotates. If nucleus is deformed and core plus
valance nucleon rotate collectively.
The energy of rotation (rigid rotator) is given by
R̂ 2
H rot 
2I
Nuclear Rotations
• Solutions
R̂ 2
Ψ  EJΨ
2I
R̂ 2 YJM  J(J  1) 2 YJM
2
 EJ  J(J  1) J  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
2I
Parity (1) J But there is reflection symmetry so odd J is

not acceptable. Allowed values of J are
0, 2, 4, etc.
2
EJ  J(J  1) J  0, 2, 4, ...
2I
Nuclear Rotations
E0  0
2 2 2 1
E2  2(2  1)  6 1 excited energy 
st
 E2
2I 2I 2I 6
1
E J  J(J  1)E 2 J  0, 2, 4, . . . in terms of first excited energy
6

8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.525

6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.309 Energy levels of 238U.

4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.148

2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.0447

0 --------------- 0
Nuclear Rotations
Deformed nucleus with spin J
• Let us now extend the
arguments to a general
case. Consider a nucleus
with core plus one
valance particle. The core
give rise to a rotational
angular momentum
perpendicular to the
symmetry axis-z so that
Rz=0. The valance
nucleon produces an
angular momentum j
Nuclear Rotations
 2
  2
  
J , Jz  0  
2
Ĵ Ψ J(J 1)  Ψ
Ĵ z Ψ  KΨ
R̂ z  0   Ĵ z  ĵz  K
H  H rot  H nucleon
  energy of the valance nucleon
rotational energy

R̂ 2
2I
 H nucleon 
2I

1  2

J  j  H nucleon

1 2
 1 2 1
Ĵ  2Ĵ z ĵz  ĵ  H nucleon  (Ĵ x ĵx  Ĵ y ĵy )
2I     2I      I     
HR HP HC
Nuclear Rotations
1
H C   (Ĵ x ĵx  Ĵ y ĵy ) : Coriolis term (rotation - coupling term), it can be neglected except K  1/2
I
1
H P  ĵ2  H nucleon is independent of the rotattional state of the nucleus, H P Ψ  E P Ψ
2I
HR 
1 2
2I
 
Ĵ  2Ĵ z ĵz describes the rotational motion, H R Ψ  E R Ψ  E R  
2
2I

J(J  1)  2K 2 ; J  K
Total energy becomes
E J,K 
2
2I
 
J(J  1)  2K 2  E P
K=0 is spinless. K≠0 spins of rotational bands are given

  
J  R  j  J  ? | K - j | J  K  j
J  K, K  1, K  2, . . . ;K  0
1
EJ  J(J  1)E 2
6
Nuclear Rotations
• The ratio of excitation energies of the second to the first
excited state is obtained by putting J=K+2 and J=K+1
E total ( J  K  2)  E total ( J  K ) 1
 2
E total ( J  K  1)  E total ( J  K ) K 1

Collective Model

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Collective Model

• Nuclei Z N Character j Qobs. Qsp. Qobs/Qsp

Many quadrupole moments are larger than predicted by the model.

Consider collective motion of all nucleons

• A net nuclear potential due to filled core shells exists.

• Nucleons in the unfilled shells move independently under the

• Potential is not necessarily spherically symmetric but may deform.

W=0V W>0,, <x>=0 <x>=0V W<0, <x>=0

Due to reflection symmetry

R(t)=Ravr +00 Y00

Breathing mode of a compressible fluid.

The lowest excitation is in nuclei with A grater than about

 R avr  α 11 Y11  α10 Y10  α 1, -1 Y1, -1

 R avr  α 22 Y22  α 21Y21  α 20 Y20  α 21Y21  α 2, -2 Y2, -2

The shape of the surface can be described by Y2m

Octupole modes with λ=3 w/ Jπ=3 can be observed in many nuclei.

The energy of rotation (rigid rotator) is given by

Parity (1) J But there is reflection symmetry so odd J is

Total energy becomes

K=0 is spinless. K≠0 spins of rotational bands are given

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