Database Systems

LECTURE # 1
About Instructor
Ms.Aisha Batool
Visiting Faculty
Department of Computer Science
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Wah, Pakistan
[email protected]
Required Text Book
Book Authors
Connolly, T. M., and Begg, C. E.

Book Title
Database Systems
A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management

Book Edition and Publisher

6th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2005.
Reference Books
Book Authors
Hoffer, Jeffrey A., and Prescott, Mary B., and McFadden, Fred R.

Book Title
Modern Database Management

Book Edition and Publisher

7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005.
Reference Books
Book Author
Kroenke, David M.

Book Title
Database Processing
Fundamentals, Design and
Implementation

Book Edition and Publisher

10th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2006.
Reference Books
Book Author
Date, C. J.

Book Title
An Introduction to Database Systems

Book Edition and Publisher

8th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2003.
Course Objectives
To be able to understand the underlying concepts of database, and database management
system (DBMS)
To introduce students to the concepts of relational data model
Analysis and design of database application or information system
Course Objectives..
Experience with SQL
Implementation of database using SQL
Learn to work with Microsoft SQL Server 2008 environment
Course Contents at a Glance
Introduction to Database Concepts
Database Environment
The Relational Model
Relational Algebra
SQL: Data Manipulation
SQL: Data Definition
Database Planning, Design, and Administration
Course Contents at a Glance..
Fact-Finding Techniques
Entity-Relationship Model
Enhanced E-R Model
Normalization
Advanced Normalization
Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Database Design
Course Contents at a Glance..
Transaction Management
Security
Marks Distribution
Quizzes/Assignments 25%
Sessional-I 10%
Sessional-II 15%
Final 50%
Introduction to
Databases
CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1 - Objectives
Some common uses of database systems
Characteristics of file-based systems
Problems with file-based approach
Meaning of the term database (DB)
Meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS)
Chapter 1 - Objectives
Typical functions of a DBMS.
Major components of the DBMS environment.
Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
History of the development of DBMSs.
Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
Examples of Database Applications
Purchases from the supermarket
Purchases using your credit card
Booking a holiday at the travel agents
Using the local library
Taking out insurance
Renting a video
Using the Internet
Studying at university
File-Based Systems
Early attempt to Computerize the manual filing system
Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).

Each program defines and manages its own data.

Manual Filing Systems
Works well
while number of items to be stored is small
For only storage or retrieval functionality of large number of items
File-Based Systems
Consider DreamHome example for file-based systems
Sales Department : responsible for selling and renting of properties
Contract Department: responsible for handling lease agreements
Sales Department
PropertyForRent
(propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent, ownerNo)
Client
(clientNo, fName, lName, telNo, preftype, maxRent)
PrivateOwner
(ownerNo, fName, lName, address, telNo)
PropertyForRent
propertyNo street city postcode type rooms rent ownerNo
PA14 … Aberdeen … House 6 650 CO46

PL94 … London … Flat 4 400 CO87

PG4 … Glasgow … Flat 3 350 CO40

PG36 … Glasgow … Flat 3 375 CO93

PG21 … Glasgow … House 5 600 CO87

PG16 … Glasgow … Flat 4 450 CO93

PrivateOwner
ownerNo fName lName address telNo
CO46 Joe Keogh … 01224-861212
CO87 Carol Farrel … 0141-357-7419
CO40 … … … …
CO93 … … … …
Client

clientNo fName lName telNo prefType maxRent

CR76 John Kay 0207-774-5632 Flat 425
CR56 Aline Stewart 0141-848-1825 Flat 350
CR74 Mike Ritchie 01475-392178 House 750
CR62 Mary Tregear 01224-196720 Flat 600
Contract Department

Lease
(leaseNo, propertyNo, clientNo, rent , paymentMethod, deposit, paid, rentStart,
rentFinish, duration)
PropertyForRent
(propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent)
Client
(clientNo, fName, lName, telNo, preftype, maxRent)
PropertyForRent

propertyNo street city postcode type rooms rent

PA14 … Aberdeen … House 6 650

PL94 … London … Flat 4 400

PG4 … Glasgow … Flat 3 350

PG36 … Glasgow … Flat 3 375

PG21 … Glasgow … House 5 600

PG16 … Glasgow … Flat 4 450

Lease

leaseNo propertyNo clientNo rent --- rentStart rentFinish duration

10024 PA14 CR62 650 1-Jun-05 31-May-06 12
… … … … … … … …
Client
clientNo fName lName telNo
CR76 John Kay 0207-774-5632
CR56 Aline Stewart 0141-848-1825
CR74 Mike Ritchie 01475-392178
CR62 Mary Tregear 01224-196720
File-Based Processing
 Limitations of File-Based Approach
Separation and isolation of data
Each program maintains its own set of data.
Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by
other programs.
For example, if we want to produce a list of all houses that match the
requirements of the clients.
Duplication of data
Decentralized approach taken by each department.
Same data is held by different programs.
Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for
the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach..
Data dependence
File structure is defined in the program code.

Incompatible file formats

Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access
each other’s files.

Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs

Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
Arose because:
Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than
being stored separately and independently.
No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by
application programs.

Result:
the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Database
Shared collection of logically related data, and a description of this data,
designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to enable program-data
independence.
Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
Database Management System (DBMS)
A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the
database.

(Database) application program: a computer program that interacts with database by

issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management System (DBMS)..
Database Approach
Data definition language (DDL).
Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints.
All specifications are stored in the database.

Data manipulation language (DML).

General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
Database Approach..
Controlled access to database may include
A security system
Which prevents unauthorized users accessing the database
An integrity system
Which maintains the consistency of stored data
A concurrency control system
Which allows shared access of the database
A recovery control system
Which restores the database to a previous consistent state in case of hardware or software failure
A user-accessible catalog
Which contains description of the data in the database
Views
Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database.

A view is essentially some subset of the database.

Views - Benefits
Reduce complexity
Provide a level of security
Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database
Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database, even if the
underlying database is changed
Summary
Introduction to DB and DBMS
File-based systems and their limitations
Database approach
QUESTIONS!