Data and Computer

Communications

Tenth Edition
by William Stallings

Data and Computer Communications, Tenth

Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - 2013
 CHAPTER 1

Data Communications, Data Networks,

and the Internet
“The fundamental problem of
communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a
message selected at another point”

- The Mathematical Theory of Communication,

Claude Shannon
 Technological Advancement
Driving Forces

Development
Advances in
of new
technology
services

Traffic
growth at
a high and
steady
rate
 160

140

Average data rate per subscriber (kbps) 120

Other protocols

Web browsing
100
Peer-to-peer
80 Streaming media

60

40

20

January 2010 January 2011

Figure 1.1 Average Downstream Traffic per Internet Subscriber

 Notable Trends
Trend toward faster and cheaper, in Today’s networks are more
both computing and communication “intelligent”
• More powerful computers supporting more • Differing levels of quality of service (QoS)
demanding applications • Variety of customizable services in the areas
• The increasing use of optical fiber and high- of network management and security
speed wireless has brought transmission
prices down and greatly increased capacity

The Internet, the Web, and Mobility

associated applications have • iPhone, Droid, and iPad have become
emerged as dominant features for drivers of the evolution of business networks
both business and personal network and their use
• Enterprise applications are now routinely
landscapes delivered on mobile devices
• “Everything over IP” • Cloud computing is being embraced
• Intranets and extranets are being used to
isolate proprietary information
Changes in Networking
Technology

* Emergence of high-speed LANs

* Corporate WAN needs

* Digital electronics
Emergence of High-Speed LANs
 Personal
computers and microcomputer workstations
have become an essential tool for office workers
Explosive growth
of speed and
computing power
Two of personal
significant computers
trends altered LANs have been
the recognized as a
requirements viable and
of the LAN essential
computing
platform

 Examples of requirements that call for higher-speed

LANs:
 Centralized server farms
 Power workgroups
 High-speed local backbone
 Corporate Wide Area
Networking Needs
Changes Growing use of telecommuting
in Nature of the application structure has changed
corporate
data traffic Intranet computing
patterns More reliance on personal computers, workstations, and servers
are
driving the More data-intensive applications
creation Most organizations require access to the Internet
of high-
speed Traffic patterns have become more unpredictable
WANs Average traffic load has risen

More data is transported off premises and into the wide area
 Digital Electronics
 The rapid conversion of consumer electronics
to digital technology is having an impact on
both the Internet and corporate intranets
 Image and video traffic carried by networks is
dramatically increasing
• Because of their huge storage capacity digital versatile
disks (DVDs) are being incorporated into Web sites
• Digital camcorders have made it easier to make digital
video files to be placed on corporate and Internet Web
sites
 Convergence
 The merger of previously Layers:
distinct telephony and
information technologies and
markets Applications
 Involves:
Enterprise services
These are seen
by the end users Infrastructure
• Moving voice into a data Services the
infrastructure information Communication
• Integrating all the voice and network supplies links available to
to support the enterprise
data networks inside a user
applications
organization into a single data
network infrastructure
• Then extending that into the
wireless arena
 Foundation is packet-based
transmission using the
Internet Protocol (IP)
 Increases the function and

scope of both the

infrastructure and the
application base
 SourceSystem Destination System

Trans-
Trans- Destination
Source mission Receiver
mitter
System

(a) General block diagram

Workstation Modem Modem Server

Public Telephone Network

(b) Example

Figure 1.3 Simplified Communications Model

 Table 1.1
Communications Tasks
 Digital bit Analog Analog Digital bit
stream signal signal stream
Text Text

Trans-
Trans- Destination
Source mission Receiver
mitter
System

1 2 3 4 5 6
Input Input data Transmitted Received Output data Output
information g(t) signal signal g'(t) information
m s(t) r(t) m'

Figure 1.4 Simplified Data Communications Model

Transmission Lines
Capacity
The basic building block of
any communications facility
is the transmission line
Reliability

The business manager is

concerned with a facility Cost
providing the required
capacity, with acceptable Transmission
reliability, at minimum cost
Line
 Transmission Mediums
Two mediums currently driving
the evolution of data communications
transmission are:

Fiber optic transmissions

and
Wireless transmissions
 Transmission Services
 Remain the most costly component of a
communications budget
 Two major approaches to greater efficiency:

Multiplexing Compression
Squeezing the data
The ability of a number down so that a lower-
of devices to share a capacity, cheaper
transmission facility transmission facility
can be used
 Networks
 Itis estimated that by 2016 there will be
over 20 billion fixed and mobile networked
devices
 This affects traffic volume in a number of ways:
• It enables a user to be continuously consuming
network capacity
• Capacity can be consumed on multiple devices
simultaneously
• Different broadband devices enable different
applications which may have greater traffic
generation capability
 Networking
Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of
integration, allowing equipment and
networks to work simultaneously

Voice Data

Image Video
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Span a large geographical area

 Require the crossing of public right-of-ways
 Rely in part on common carrier circuits
 Typically
consist of a number of
interconnected switching nodes
 Wide Area Networks
Alternative technologies used include:
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 Circuit Switching
 Uses a dedicated communications path
 Connected sequence of physical links
between nodes
 Logical channel dedicated on each link
 Rapid transmission
 The most common example of circuit
switching is the telephone network
 Packet Switching
 Data are sent out in a sequence of small
chunks called packets
 Packets are passed from node to node
along a path leading from source to
destination
 Packet-switching networks are commonly
used for terminal-to-terminal computer and
computer-to-computer communications
 Frame Relay
 Developed to take advantage of high data
rates and low error rates
 Operates at data rates of up to 2 Mbps
 Key to achieving high data rates is to strip
out most of the overhead involved with
error control
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
 Referred to as cell relay
 Culmination of developments in circuit
switching and packet switching
 Uses fixed-length packets called cells
 Works in range of 10s and 100s of Mbps
and in the Gbps range
 Allows multiple channels with the data rate
on each channel dynamically set on demand
Local Area Networks (LAN)

LANs are usually

building owned by the same
typically a single organization that
Smaller scope, owns attached
devices
LAN
wireless LANs
switched LANs and
Internal data rates configurations are
greater than WANs Most common
 The Internet

 Internetevolved from ARPANET

 Developed to solve the dilemma of
communicating across arbitrary, multiple,
packet-switched networks
 Foundation is the TCP/IP protocol suite
 Router
Standalone
Wide Area Network
Mainframe
(e.g. ATM)

Local Area
Network Router
Router

Wide Area Network

(e.g. ATM) Local Area
Ethernet Network
switch
Ethernet
switch

Router

Information LAN PCs

server and workstations

Figure 1.5 Key Elements of the Internet

 Corporate
LAN

Residential
subscribers
Backbone Backbone
ISP ISP
Regional
ISP

Server

ISP Web
farm
LAN Regional
switch ISP
Regional
ISP
Server

Server
Corporate
LAN open circle = NAP
filled circle = POP

Figure 1.6 Simplified View of Portion of Internet

 Table 1.2
Internet Terminology
 Central Office (CO)  Network Access Point (NAP)
 The place where telephone  One of several major Internet
companies terminate customer lines interconnection points that
and locate switching equipment to
serve to tie all the ISPs together
interconnect those lines with other
networks  Network Service Provider
 Customer Premises Equipment (NSP)
(CPE)  A company that provides
 Telecommunications equipment that backbone services to an
is located on the customer’s Internet service provider (ISP)
premises
 Point of Presence (POP)
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)  A site that has a collection of
 A company that provides other
companies or individuals with
telecommunications equipment,
access to, or presence on, the usually refers to ISP or
Internet telephone company sites
(Table can be found on page 51 in textbook)
 ATM
WAN

Enterprise
network
(main campus) Enterprise
network
(branch)
IP
backbone

Public cellular
network

Residential Wi-Fi
Ethernet LAN network

Networking
icons:
Core Edge/aggregate Router Router with Ethernet ATM Wi-Fi access
router router firewall switch switch point
Figure 1.7 A Networking Configuration
 Summary

 Transmission mediums  Trends challenging

 Fiber optic data communications:
 Wireless
 Traffic growth
 Development of new
 Network categories: services
 Wide Area Networks  Advances in
 Local Area Networks technology
 Wireless Networks  Data Transmission
 Internet and Network Capacity
Requirements
 Origin
 Convergence
 Key elements