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Computer Organization With Assembly Language

The document discusses different number systems used in computers such as binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides details on how signed and unsigned integers are represented in binary. Additionally, it describes how to convert between different number systems including binary to decimal, decimal to binary, hexadecimal to decimal, and others. The document also covers binary arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction as well as hexadecimal arithmetic.

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Malik Talha
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66 views

Computer Organization With Assembly Language

The document discusses different number systems used in computers such as binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides details on how signed and unsigned integers are represented in binary. Additionally, it describes how to convert between different number systems including binary to decimal, decimal to binary, hexadecimal to decimal, and others. The document also covers binary arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction as well as hexadecimal arithmetic.

Uploaded by

Malik Talha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

WITH ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE


Lecture: 03
LECTURE OUTLINE
 Data Representation
 Binary
 Octal
 Decimal
 Hexadecimal
NUMBER SYSTEM
 Any number system using a range of digits that
represents a specific number. The most common
numbering systems are decimal, binary, octal, and
hexadecimal.
 Numbers are important to computers
 represent information precisely
 can be processed
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

5
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
 Binary numbers are base 2 numbers in which each binary
digit is either a 0 or a 1.Each digit has a weighted value
of 20 , 21, 22, 23, and so on.
 Binary integer can be signed(may be +ve or -ve)or
unsigned(only +ve)
 Bit on the left is called the most significant bit (MSB)

 Bit on the right is called least significant bit(LSB)


SIGNED INTEGERS

 A signed integer can be positive or negative.


 The most significant bit is reserved for the sign:
 1 means negative and 0 means positive.

 Example:
00001010 = decimal 10
10001010 = decimal -10

7
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

8
CONVERSION BETWEEN NUMBER
SYSTEM
 hexadecimal to decimal
 Binary to decimal

 Decimal to binary

 Decimal to hexadecimal

 Hexadecimal to binary

 Binary to hexadecimal
CONVERTING HEXADECIMAL TO
DECIMAL

 Multiply each digit of the hexadecimal number from right to


left with its corresponding power of 16.
 Convert the Hexadecimal number 82AD to decimal number.

10
CONVERTING BINARY TO DECIMAL
 Multiply each digit of the binary number from right to
left with its corresponding power of 2.
 Convert the Binary number 11101 to decimal number.

11
CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY

 Divide the decimal number by 2.


 Take the remainder and record it on the side.

 REPEAT UNTIL the decimal number cannot be


divided into anymore.

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CONVERTING DECIMAL TO
HEXADECIMAL
 Divide the decimal number by 16.
 Take the remainder and record it on the side.

 REPEAT UNTIL the decimal number cannot be


divided into anymore.

13
CONVERTING HEXADECIMAL TO
BINARY

 Given a hexadecimal number, simply convert each digit


to it’s binary equivalent. Then, combine each 4 bit binary
number and that is the resulting answer.
CONVERTING BINARY TO
HEXADECIMAL

 Begin at the rightmost 4 bits. If there are not 4 bits, pad


0s to the left until you hit 4. Repeat the steps until all
groups have been converted.
BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
 Addition
 Like decimal numbers, two numbers can be added by
adding each pair of digits together with carry
propagation.

11001 647
+ 10011 + 537
101100 1184

Binary Addition Decimal Addition

16
BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
 Subtraction
 Two numbers can be subtracted by subtracting each pair of
digits together with borrowing, where needed.

11001 627
- 10011 - 537
00110 090

Binary Subtraction Decimal Subtraction

17
HEXADECIMAL ARITHMETIC
OPERATIONS
 Addition
 Like decimal numbers, two numbers can be added by
adding each pair of digits together with carry
propagation.

5B39
+ 7AF4
D62D

Hexadecimal Addition

18
HEXADECIMAL ARITHMETIC
OPERATIONS
 Subtraction
 Two numbers can be subtracted by subtracting each pair of
digits together with borrowing, where needed.

D26F
- BA94
17DB

Hexadecimal Subtraction

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ONE’S COMPLEMENT
 The one’s complement of an integer is obtained by
complementing each bit, that is, replace each 0 by a 1
and each 1 by a 0.

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2’S COMPLEMENT
 Negative integers are stored in computer using 2’s
complement.
 To get a two’s complement by first finding the one’s
complement, and then by adding 1 to it.

 Example
11110011 (one's complement of 12)     
+ 00000001 (decimal 1)    
11110100 (two's complement of 12)

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