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Rule of Inference - FIRST PART

The document discusses valid and invalid arguments. It defines an argument as valid when the premises are true and the conclusion is also true, and invalid otherwise. Validity depends on the logical relationship between premises and conclusion, not the truth of either. It then introduces several rules of inference used to determine validity, including modus ponens, modus tollens, addition, simplification, conjunction, and disjunctive syllogism. Examples are provided to illustrate each rule.

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Xofia Rocero
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198 views31 pages

Rule of Inference - FIRST PART

The document discusses valid and invalid arguments. It defines an argument as valid when the premises are true and the conclusion is also true, and invalid otherwise. Validity depends on the logical relationship between premises and conclusion, not the truth of either. It then introduces several rules of inference used to determine validity, including modus ponens, modus tollens, addition, simplification, conjunction, and disjunctive syllogism. Examples are provided to illustrate each rule.

Uploaded by

Xofia Rocero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Method of Deduction

Ms. Jemmah Rose Eunesis A. Rosarda


Valid and Invalid Arguments

An argument is said to be valid whenever


the premises are all true, the conclusion is also
true.
If an argument is not valid, it is an invalid
argument.
Valid and Invalid Arguments

Validity concerns the relationship between the


premises and the conclusion and not the
truth values of the premises and
conclusions.
How to show that an
argument is valid?
Assume that the premises are true and show
that the conclusion must also be true.
In symbols: P1
P2
:
___Pn____
Q
is valid if and only if
(P1  P2  P3  P4... Pn)→Q is a tautology.

Assume: (P1  P2  P3  P4... Pn) is true


Show: Q is true.
Rules of Inference
•  We can always use a truth table to show
that an argument form is valid. However,
when an argument form involves 10 different
propositional variables, it requires = 1,024
different rows to show this argument form is
valid . So instead of truth table, we can first
establish the validity of some relatively
simple argument forms, called rules of
inference.
Truth Table
•  2 propositional variables
= 4, rows
• 3 propositional variables
= 8, rows
• 4 propositional variables
= 16, rows
• 7 propositional variables
= 128, rows
Rules of Inference

1. Addition (Add.): _P_


PQ
proof:
P Q PQ P→(P  Q)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T

Ex. The sun is shining.


Therefore, the sun is shining or it is raining.
Addition (Add.):

_P_
PQ

Most of Filipinos don’t know the proper way of


saving money.
Therefore, most of Filipinos don’t know the proper
way of saving money or some of Filipinos have
financial awareness because of investment and
insurance.
Rules of Inference

2. Simplification(Simp.): PQ or QP


P Q
proof:
P Q P Q (PQ)→P
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T

Ex. The sun is shining and it is a lovely day.


Therefore, the sun is shining.
Simplification(Simp.)

PQ or QP
P Q

BSE 2nd Math students are intelligent and BSE Math loves
Mathematics.
Therefore, BSE 2nd students are intelligent .
Rules of Inference
3. Conjunction (Conj.): P
_Q__
PQ
proof:
P Q P Q (PQ)→(PQ)
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
Ex. The sun is shining.
It is a lovely day.
Therefore, the sun is shining and it is lovely day.
Conjunction (Conj.)
P
_Q__
PQ

Investment helps you achieve your dreams.


Insurance will protect you and your family.
 Investment will helps you achieve your dreams and
insurance will protect you and your family.
Rules of Inference
4. Modus Ponens (MP)
P →Q
_ P___
Q
proof:
P Q (P→Q) (P→Q)P [(P→Q)P]→Q
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F F T F T
Modus Ponens (MP)

P→Q
_ P___
Q

If the sun is shining then it is a lovely day.


The sun is shining
Therefore, it is a lovely day.
Modus Ponens (MP)

P→Q
_ P___
Q

If the time is gold then saving money is important.


The time is gold
Therefore, saving money is important .
Rules of Inference
5. Modus Tollens (MT)
P →Q
_ Q___
P
proof:
P Q (P→Q) Q (P→Q)Q P [(P→Q)Q] → P

T T T F F F T
T F F T F F T
F T T F F T T
F F T T T T T
Modus Tollens (MT)

P→ Q
_ Q___
P

If the sun is shining then it is a lovely day.


It is not a lovely day
Therefore, the sun is not shinning.
Rules of Inference
6. Disjunctive Syllogism (DS)
PQ
_P__
Q
proof:
P Q PQ P (PQ)P [(PQ)P] → Q
T T T F F T
T F T F F T
F T T T T T
F F F T F T
Disjunctive Syllogism (DS)

PQ
_P__
Q

The sun is shining or it is raining.


The sun is not shinning.
Therefore, it is raining.
Recitation Time
Instruction for Recitation

Let the first premise be


replaced by a propositional
variable P and the second
premise to be replaced by Q.
What rule of inference is used in each of the
following arguments?

1. If it is sunny today, then we will go to


the beach. It is sunny today. Therefore,
we will go to the beach.
Correct Answer

1. If it is sunny today, then we will go to the


beach. It is sunny today. Therefore, we will
go to the beach.

Answer: P→Q
_ P___
Q
Modus Ponens
What rule of inference is used in each of the
following arguments?

2. If n is divisible by 3, then n is 2

divisible by 9. n2 is not divisible


by 9. Therefore, n is not divisible
by 3.
Correct Answer

2. If n is divisible by 3, then n2 is divisible by 9.


n2 is not divisible by 9. Therefore, n is not
divisible by 3.

Answer: P→ Q
_  Q___
P
Modus Tollens
What rule of inference is used in each of the
following arguments?

3.It is below freezing now.


Therefore, it is either below
freezing or raining now.
What rule of inference is used in each of the
following arguments?
3.It is below freezing now.
Therefore, it is either below freezing or
raining now.

Answer: P_
PQ

Addition (Add.)
What rule of inference is used in each of the
following arguments?

4. It is below freezing and raining


now. Therefore, it is below
freezing now.
What rule of inference is used in each of the
following arguments?

4. It is below freezing and raining now.


Therefore, it is below freezing now.

Answer : PQ
P
Simplification(Simp.):
THANK YOU 

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