CE-332: HYDROLOGY AND

WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
Noor M Khan
2021
CE-332: HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
 Introduction: Hydrology, hydrologic cycle and the hydrologic
equation, practical uses of hydrology, importance of
hydrology.
 Meteorology: The atmosphere and its composition, relative
humidity, dew point and their measurement devices.
Saturation deficit. Solar radiation as a source of heat,
adiabatic changes and the lapse rate, air temperature,
seasonal and diurnal variation of air temperature. The general
circulation of wind system, the monsoons and western
disturbances. Measurement of air temperature, relative
humidity, radiation, sunshine and atmospheric pressure.
 Precipitation: Types of precipitation, factors necessary for the
formation of precipitation, measurement of precipitation,
interpretation of precipitation data.
CE-332: HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
 Evaporation and Transpiration: Factors affecting evaporation, measurement
of evaporation, evapo-transpiration.
 Stream Flow: Water stage and its measurement, selection of site for stage
record, selection of control and metering section, methods of measurement
of stream flow, interpretation of stream flow data.
 Runoff: Factors affecting runoff, estimating the volume of storm runoff.
 Hydrographs: Characteristic of Hydrograph, components of a hydrograph,
hydrograph separation, estimating the volume of direct runoff, introduction
to unit hydrograph concept, S-curve, Application of probability in
determining maxima/minima of discharge. Types of histogram and
distribution.
 Stream Flow Routing Introduction to flood frequency and duration analysis.
Reservoir routing, channel routing.
 Ground Water Flow: Introduction, sources and discharge of ground water.
Water table and artesian aquifer. The Theis formula and its application to
aquifer tests. Reservoir sedimentation. Factors controlling erosion, sediment
rating curves. Sediment yield of a catchment, sedimentation in reservoirs.
 Water resources and water demands of Pakistan.
 CLOs and PLOs
PL
CLOs Description Domain Domain level
Os
To demonstrate the measurements of various
1 meteorological parameters and estimate 1 Cognitive 3. Apply

reservoir evaporation using pan data.

To calculate surface runoff, groundwater flow
2 2 Cognitive 4. Analyze
and to analyze stream flow hydrograph.
To describe various methods of flood
3 2 Cognitive 3. Apply
estimation and to carryout flood routing.
To describe water resources availability and
4 1 Cognitive 2. Understand
water demand of Pakistan.
List of Reference Books
 
i). Linsley Ray K, Kohler Max A, Joseph L.H Paulhus, (1982), Hydrology for
Engineering (3rd Edition).

ii). Awan N. M, (1981), Surface Water Hydrology (Vol-1), National Book Foundation,
Islamabad Pakistan.
 
iii). Chow Ven Te, David R. Maidment, Larry W. Mays, (1988), Applied Hydrology,
McGraw Hill Book International Edition.
 
 
iv). Maidment David R, (1993), Hand Book of Hydrology.
 
v). Wilson E.M. (1984), Engineering Hydrology.
Hydrology
 Definition:
 Literal meaning:
◦ The term Hydrology is derived from Greek words:

hydōr = “water” +
logos ="study“

i.e. ‘Study of Water’

more specifically Study of Water in Hydrological Cycle

Importance of Water in ISLAM
Water in other religons
 Mentions of water in some cultures are found in: Animism, Hinduism, Buddhism,
Christianity and Islam.

Animism: The perception of water in animism is that it is an entity that connects others and
creates relationships.

Hinduism: Hindus place an importance in physical and spiritual wellbeing by achieving

purity. Water in Hinduism is a sacred place because it is believed to hold purifying and
cleansing powers.  

Buddhism: A Buddhist’s path to enlightenment includes a diligent cleansing of body, mind

and spirit. Buddhism embodies the calmness and serenity of water by practicing water
offerings at Buddhist shrines.

Christianity: Water in Christianity is primarily linked to the ritual of Baptism, where a

follower professes his/her faith by bathing in ‘holy water’.  This symbolises rebirth and
purity.

Islam: In the holy book of Quran, water symbolises wisdom. It recognises that water is a
part of life; that we are made up of, live, breathe and consume water. To know this is a
conscious awareness of the self.

Ref: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Religions-Water-in.html
Definition of HYDROLOGY
 “Hydrology is science of waters of the earth, their
circulation and distribution over the globe, their
physical and chemical properties and their
interaction with the physical and biological
environment.
Ref: NM Awan, 1981

 “Hydrology treats of the waters of the Earth, their

occurrence, circulation and distribution, their
chemical and physical properties, and their
reaction with their environment, including their
relation to the living things”. Ref: Linsley, Kohlar and Paulhus(1988)
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
 ‘Engineering Hydrology’ includes those
segments of Hydrology which are pertinent to
planning, design and operation of engineering
projects for the control and use of water

◦ What flood flows can be expected over a spillway or

highway culvert or in urban storm drainage system ?
◦ What reservoir capacity is required for irrigation or
municipal water supply during droughts ?
◦ What effects will reservoirs, levees and other control
works exert on flood flow in stream ?
◦ What are reasonable boundaries for the floodplain ?
Spillways
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
 A continuous Process by which water is transported
from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and
back to the sea
 The driving force for the global water transport
system is provided by Sun and (gravitational energy.)
 Water quality also changes during the cycle
 Movement of water is not steady rather quite erratic.

Precipitation
under proper
Evaporation conditions

Transport Distribution
through air of rain water
masses in several
ways
Simplified Hydrologic Cycle
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Hydrological Cycle: Relative Quantities
General Perspective on the
Hydrosphere

Total Water = 1.38 billion Km3

The Water Cycle (in detail)
 The volume of water at the surface of the Earth is
enormous: 1.37x109 km3! (total reservoir) – The
Oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface (29% for
the continent masses above sea level)

Reservoir Volume (km3) % Total

Biosphere 0.6 103 0.00004
Rivers 1.7 103 0.0001
Atmosphere 13 103 0.001
Lakes 125 103 0.01
Groundwater 9500 103 0.68
Glacial and other land ice (?) 29000 103 2.05
Oceanic water and sea ice 1,370,000 103 97.25
Total 1,408,640 103 100

Adapted from Berner & Berner (The Global Water Cycle; Prentice Hall, 1987)
Groundwater Focus
 Although groundwater is
not significant in volume,
globally, however, it is a
critical source of domestic
water, because it is part of
the limited budget of fresh
(non-saline) water.

 It can be viewed as a
partially-renewable resource:
 It is possible to withdraw it
faster than nature
recharges it.
 WHY HYDROLOGY IS IMPORTANT
• Fresh water is limited:
Of total world water, 97.5% is salty water and only 2.5% is
freshwater of which useable freshwater accounts for about
0.5%
Of the 0.5% useable freshwater, irrigation/agriculture uses 70%
(world over), industry uses 20% and household 10%

•Demands are Increasing and Expected to increase further

Demand for and use of freshwater has tripled over the past half
century, as world population has grown from 2.5 to 7.5 billion
people
By 2025 global water needs will increase with 40% more required
for cities and 20% for growing crops

Sources: Asian Development Bank; BBC; Earth Observatory; UNEP; UNESCO

 WHY HYDROLOGY IS IMPORTANT
• Water withdrawals are causing major rivers—such as the
Colorado, the Nile, the Yellow Rivers—to run dry in sections, lakes
to vanish and groundwater tables and aquifers to drop in many
places
• Over the next 20 years, average water supply per person is
estimated to drop by a third, potentially endangering human
health, agriculture and the environment
• Water volume in the Aral sea has dropped by about 80% since
1960s, due to extensive irrigation primarily for cotton production
•Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015)
•Sustainable Development Goal (Jan 2016 onward)
• 70% of world population has access to Improved Water Supply (as on
2015)
• 39% of world population has access to improved Sanitation (as on
2015)

Sources: Asian Development Bank; BBC; Earth Observatory; UNEP; UNESCO

Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
 Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to
also address the quality and sustainability of water resources,
critical to the survival of people and the planet.

 The 2030 Agenda recognizes the centrality of water

resources to sustainable development, and the vital role that
improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene play in
progress in other areas, including health(SDG-3),
education(SDG-4) and poverty reduction (SDG-1).

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-06/
 Goal 6: Clean Water & Sanitation

2.2

Bill
ion 4.4
Billion
Watershed = Catchment = Basin
 The area of land that
drains water, sediment
and dissolved materials
to a common outlet.
 Watersheds are
separated by divides
 Can be any size, from a
few acres to hundreds
of square miles
 Sub-watershed =
watershed within a
watershed
Fluxes (F in 103 km3/yr)
 Of total yearly evaporation, 84% evaporates from the Oceans and 16%
from surface of continents.
 However, return to Earth via precipitation: 75% falls directly on the
Oceans and 25% on the continents.
 During the year, the atmosphere transports 9% of Oceans’ evaporation
to the continents!
 This water is returned via surface streams and as groundwater
ICE PELLETS
 Precipitation in the form
of transparent or translucent pellets of ice,
which are round or irregular in shape. They have
a diameter of 0.2 inches (5 mm) or less. They are
classified into two types: hard grains of ice
consisting of frozen rain drops or largely melted
and refrozen snowflakes; pellets
of snow encased in a thin layer of ice which have
formed from the freezing of droplets intercepted
by pellets or water resulting from the partial
melting of pellets. Related term is “Sleet”
SNOW
 Frozen precipitation in the form of white or
translucent ice crystals in complex branched
hexagonal form. It most often falls from
stratiform clouds, but can fall as snow
showers from cumuliform ones. It usually
appears clustered into snowflakes.
Rain Gauges
Standard Rain Gauge
 Rain Gauges
 Standard Rain
gauge of US
National Weather
Service

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge
 Outside View of Tipping Bucket
Rain Gauge

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge
 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges (inside
view)

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge
Auto Logging Tipping Bucket Rain
gauge

Ref: http://www.weathershop.com/logging_rain_gauge.htm
Tipping Bucket Recorder

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge#mediaviewer/File:Tipping_Bucket_Recorder.JPG