BSCE 3 – CIEN 30043 Structural theory 1

Prepared By:

Engr. Antonio P. Curva

Instructor 1
Course Outline

1. Equilibrium & Support Reaction

2. Determinacy of Beams and Trusses
3. Deflection of Beam Using Moment Area Method
4. Deflection of Beam Using Double Integration
5. Deflection of Beam Using Conjugate Beam Method
6. Deflection of Beam Using Superposition Method
7. Analysis of Beam Using Moment Distribution Method
8. Analysis of Frames without Sidesway
9. Analysis of Frames with Sidesway
10. Analysis of Beam Using Three Moment Equation
11. Analysis of Frames & Beams Using Slope Deflection Method
DEFLECTION OF BEAM USING
MOMENT AREA METHOD
Objectives
In this course you will learn the following
Importance of computation of deflection.
Computation of deflection using moment area method.

Introduction
When a structure is subjected to the action of applied loads each member undergoes deformation due to
which the axis of structure is deflected from its original position. The deflections also occur due to
temperature variations and lack-of-fit of members. The deflections of structures are important for ensuring
that the designed structure is not excessively flexible. The large deformations in the structures can cause
damage or cracking of non-structural elements. The deflection in beams is dependent on the acting bending
moments and its flexural stiffness. The computation of deflections in structures is also required for solving
the statically indeterminate structures.

In this chapter, several methods for computing deflection of structures are considered.
Moment Area Method
The moment-area method is one of the most effective methods for obtaining the bending displacement in
beams and frames. In this method, the area of the bending moment diagrams is utilized for computing the
slope and or deflections at particular points along the axis of the beam or frame. Two theorems known as
the moment area theorems are utilized for calculation of the deflection. One theorem is used to calculate the
change in the slope between two points on the elastic curve. The other theorem is used to compute the
vertical distance (called tangential deviation) between a point on the elastic curve and a line tangent to the
elastic curve at a second point.
Moment Area Method
Theorem 1
The change in slope between the tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any two points A and B is equal to the
product of 1/EI multiplied by the area of the moment diagram between these two points.
Moment Area Method
Theorem 2
The deviation of any point B relative to the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at any other point A, in a direction
perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the moment of an
area about B of that part of the moment diagram between points A and B.

and
Moment Area Method
Theorem 2
Moment Area Method
Theorem 2
Moment Area Method  

Consider Figure 1, showing the elastic curve of a loaded simple beam. On the elastic curve tangents are
drawn on points A and B . Total angle between the two tangents is denoted as . In order to find out
, consider the incremental change in angle over an infinitesimal segment dx located at a distance
of x from point B . The radius of curvature and bending moment for any section of the beam is given by the
usual bending equation.

where R is the radius of curvature; E is the modulus of elasticity; I is the moment of inertia; and M denotes
the bending moment.
The elementary length dx and the change in angle dθ are related as ,
Figure 1
Substituting
   R from the equations

dθ = dx
The total angle change can be obtained by integrating this equation between points A and B which is expressed as

∆θAB = B∫A dθ = B∫A dx

or, θB – θA Area of M / EI diagram between A and B

The difference of slope between any two points on a continuous elastic curve of a beam is equal to the area under
the M / EI curve between these points.

The distance dt along the vertical line through point B is nearly equal to.

dt = x dθ
Integration
   of dt between points A and B yield the vertical distance between the point B and the tangent from
point A on the elastic curve. Thus,

tBA = B∫A xdθ = B∫A dx

since the quantity Mdx /EI represents an infinitesimal area under the M /EI diagram and distance x from that area
to point B, the integral on right hand side of above equation can be interpreted as moment of the area under the
M/EI diagram between points A and B about point B . This is the second moment area theorem .

If A and B are two points on the deflected shape of a beam, the vertical distance of point B from the tangent
drawn to the elastic curve at point A is equal to the moment of bending moment diagram area between the points
A and B about the vertical line from point B , divided by EI .

Sign convention used here can be remembered keeping the simply supported beam of Figure 1 in mind. A sagging
moment is the positive bending moment diagram and has positive area. Slopes are positive if measured in the anti-
clockwise direction. Positive deviation t BA indicates that the point B lies above the tangent from the point A .
Rules of Sign

1. The deviation at any point is positive if the point lies above the tangent, negative if the point is below the
tangent.
2. Measured from left tangent, if θ is counterclockwise, the change of slope is positive, negative if θ is clockwise.
Deflection of Simply Supported Beam – Area Moment Method
Deflection of Cantilever Beam – Area Moment Method

Generally, the tangential deviation t is not equal to the beam deflection. In cantilever beams, however, the
tangent drawn to the elastic curve at the wall is horizontal and coincidence therefore with the neutral axis of the
beam. The tangential deviation in this case is equal to the deflection of the beam as shown below.

From the figure above, the deflection at B denoted as δ B is equal to the deviation of B from a tangent line through
A denoted as tB/A. This is because the tangent line through A lies with the neutral axis of the beam
Example 1:
1. Determine the end slope and deflection of the mid-point C in the beam shown below using moment area method
Solution:

The M / EI diagram of the beam is shown in the Figure. The slope at A , θA can be obtained by computing the using
the second moment area theorem i.e.

The slope at B can be obtained by using the first moment area theorem between points A and B i.e.
Solution:

(It is to be noted that the The negative sign is because of the slope being in the clockwise
direction. As per sign convention a positive slope is in the anti-clockwise direction) The
deflection at the center of the beam can be obtained with the help of the second moment area theorem between
points A and C i.e.
Example 2:

1. Using the moment area method, determine the slope

at B and C and deflection at C of the cantilever beam as
shown in Figure. The beam is subjected to uniformly
distributed load over entire length and point load at the
free end.

Solution:
The moment curves produced by the concentrated load,
W and the uniformly distributed load, W are plotted
separately and divided by EI (refer Figures (b) and (c)).
This results in the simple geometric shapes in which the
area and locations of their centroids are known.

Since the end A is fixed, therefore, θA = 0. Applying the

first moment-area theorem between points A and C
Solution:

The slope at B can be obtained by applying the first moment area theorem between points B and C i.e
Solution:

The deflection at C is equal to the tangential deviation of point C from the tangent to the elastic curve at A (see
Figure (d)).
∆C = tCA moment of areas under M / EI curves between A and C in Figures (b) and (c) about C
Example 3:

1. Determine the end-slopes and deflection at the center of a

non-prismatic simply supported
beam. The beam is subjected to a concentrated load at the
center.

Solution:

The M/EI diagram of the beam is shown in Figure (b).

Solution:
Example 4:

1. Determine the slope and deflection at the hinge of the beam shown
in the Figure (a)

Solution:

The bending moment diagram is shown in Figure (b).

Since the end A is fixed, therefore, θA = 0 . Applying the first moment-

area theorem between points A and B (refer Figure (c)
Solution:

Applying second moment area theorem between points A and B ,

Applying second moment area theorem between points B and D ,

Solution:

From the first moment area theorem between points B and D

Example 5:

1. Determine the vertical deflection and slope of point C of the rigid-jointed plane frame shown in
the Figure (a).
Solution:

The M/EI and deflected shape of the frame are shown in the Figures (a) and (b), respectively. As
the point A is fixed implying that θA = 0. Applying first moment area theorem between points A and B ,
Solution:
Example 6:

The cantilever beam shown in Fig. has a rectangular cross-section 50 mm wide by h mm high. Find the height h if the
maximum deflection is not to exceed 10 mm. Use E = 10 GPa.
Example 7:

Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4
Solution
Solution
Solution
Recap
In this course you have learnt the following

a. Importance of computation of deflection.

b. Computation of deflection using moment area method.

Thank You !!!

Assessement Task # 1: Submission Saturday, Nov. 13, 2021

1. Determine the slope and deflection at between Point C & D (4.5 meters from A) of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4 & maximum deflection at D.
Assessement Task # 1:

2. TRUE or FALSE

1. The branch of mechanics concerned with forces in static equilibrium is known as statics.
2. With statics, one can easily calculate the reaction forces and internal forces in trusses.
3. Deflection refers to the movement of a beam or structure from its original position due to gravity.
4. An object or structure is in equilibrium when the sum of forces acting on it is equal to zero.
5. The moment distribution method is particularly suited for the computer-automated analysis of statically
indeterminate structures.
6. The degree of indeterminacy represents the difference between the unknown forces to the number of
equilibrium equations.
7. In the force method, the additional unknown reaction forces are omitted and replaced by a known
reaction force.
8. There are three methods use to analyze statically indeterminate structures: (1) flexibility, (2) matrix, (3)
moment distribution.
9. A structure is statically indeterminate to the second degree when it has four unknown reaction forces, while
there are only six equations of equilibrium.
10. An object or system is in motion because all of the forces balance to zero