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Structural Theory 1 (Double Integration Method)

The document discusses the double integration method for calculating beam deflection. It begins by deriving the differential equation of the elastic curve as d2v/dx2 = -M/EI. It then explains that double integration of this equation yields an expression for the deflection v as a function of x, with constants of integration determined by boundary conditions. The procedure involves using the method of sections to determine the bending moment M, then double integrating M to obtain expressions for slope and deflection in each beam segment.

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1K views22 pages

Structural Theory 1 (Double Integration Method)

The document discusses the double integration method for calculating beam deflection. It begins by deriving the differential equation of the elastic curve as d2v/dx2 = -M/EI. It then explains that double integration of this equation yields an expression for the deflection v as a function of x, with constants of integration determined by boundary conditions. The procedure involves using the method of sections to determine the bending moment M, then double integrating M to obtain expressions for slope and deflection in each beam segment.

Uploaded by

acurvz2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BSCE 3 – CIEN 30043 Structural theory 1

Prepared By:

Engr. Antonio P. Curva


Instructor 1
Course Outline

1. Equilibrium & Support Reaction


2. Determinacy of Beams and Trusses
3. Deflection of Beam Using Moment Area Method
4. Deflection of Beam Using Double Integration
5. Deflection of Beam Using Conjugate Beam Method
6. Deflection of Beam Using Superposition Method
7. Analysis of Beam Using Moment Distribution Method
8. Analysis of Frames without Sidesway
9. Analysis of Frames with Sidesway
10. Analysis of Beam Using Three Moment Equation
11. Analysis of Frames & Beams Using Slope Deflection Method
DEFLECTION OF BEAM USING
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
This method entails obtaining the deflection of a beam by integrating the differential
equation of the elastic curve of a beam twice and using boundary conditions to determine
the constants of integration. The first integration yields the slope, and the second
integration gives the deflection
The primary advantage of the double- integration method is that it produces the equation
for the deflection everywhere along the beams.
The bending deformation of a beam, the displacements and slopes are very small if the
stresses are below the elastic limit. The deformed axis of the beam is called its elastic
curve. Derive the differential equation for the elastic curve and describe a method for its
solution
a. Differential Equation of the Elastic Curve
The vertical deflection of A, denoted by v, is considered to be positive if directed in the
positive direction of the y-axis that is, upward in Figure. Because the axis of the beam
lies on the neutral surface, its length does not change.
Therefore, the distance , measured along the elastic curve, is also x. It follows that the
horizontal deflection of A is negligible provided the slope of the elastic curve remains
small.
Consider next the deformation of an infinitesimal
segment AB of the beam axis, as shown in Figure.
The elastic curve A’ of the segment has the same
length dx as the undeformed segment
If we let v be the deflection of A, then the deflection of
B is v +dv, with dv being the infinitesimal change in
the deflection segment are denoted by θ and θ + dθ.
From the geometry of the figure
  

The approximation is justified because θis small.


dx = ρ d θ
where ρ is the radius of curvature of the deformed segment. Rewriting previous equation
as 1/ρ= dθ / dx and substituting θ from equation = sin θ ≡ θ

When deriving the flexure formula, we obtained the moment-curvature relationship

where M is the bending moment acting on the segment, E is the modulus of elasticity of
the beam material, and I represents the modulus of inertia of the cross-sectional area
about the neutral (centroidal) axis.
Substituting the equation

which the differential equation of the elastic curve. The product EI, called the flexural
rigidity of the beam, is usually constant along the beam. It is convenient to write in the
form

Where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to x ; that is,


dv/dx = v ’
d2 v/dx2 = v ”
and so on.
a. Double Integration of the Differential Equation
If EI is constant and M is a known function of x, integration of the equation yields

And second integration

where C1 and C2 are constants of integration to be determined from the prescribed


constraints (for example, the boundary conditions) on the deformation of the beam.
Because the second integration gives the deflection v as a function of x, it is called the
equation of the elastic curve
- The term ∫∫Mdxdx gives the shape of the elastic curve. The position of the curve is
determined by the constants of integration : C1 represents a rigid-body rotation about the
origin and C2 is a rigid-body displacement in the y-direction.
Hence, the computation of the constants is equivalent to adjusting the position of the
elastic curve so that it fits properly on the supports.

- If the bending moment of flexural rigidity is not a smooth function of x, a separate


differential equation must be written for each beam segment between the discontinuities.
This means that if there are n such segments, two integrations will produce 2n constants
of integration (two per segment). There are also 2n equations available for finding the
constants
- The elastic curve must not contain gaps or kinds. In other words, the slopes and
deflections must be continuous at the junctions where the segments meet. Because
there are n-1 junctions between the n segments, these continuity conditions give us 2(n-
1) equations.
 Two additional equations are provided by the boundary conditions imposed by the
supports, so that there are a total of 2 (n-1)+2 = 2n equations.

Procedure for double integration


The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each segment of the beam:
1. Sketch the elastic curve of the beam, taking into account the boundary conditions
zero displacement at pin supports aswell as zero displacement and zero slope at
built-in (cantilever) supports.
2. Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M at an arbitrary
distance x from the origin. Always show M acting in the positive direction on the free-
body diagram. If the loading has discontinuities, a separate expression for M must be
obtained for each segment between the discontinuities.
3. By integration the expressions for M twice, obtain an expression for EIv in each
segment. Do not forget to include the constants of integration.
4. Evaluate the constants of integration from the boundary integration and the continuity
integration on slope and deflection between segments.
5. Frequently only the magnitude of the deflection, called the displacement, is required.
We denote the displacement by δ; that is
Sample Problem:
1. Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported beam of length L
carrying a concentrated load P at midspan.

Moment Equation
Slope Equation
Deflection Equation
At x = 0, y = 0, therefore, C2 = 0
The negative sign indicates that the deflection is below the undeformed neutral axis.
Sample Problem:
2. Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported beam of length L carrying a
uniformly distributed load of intensity wo applied over its entire length.
Sample Problem:
Sample Problem:
3. Compute the value of EI δ at midspan for the beam loaded as shown in Fig. P-611.
If E = 10 GPa, what value of I is required to limit the midspan deflection to 1/360 of
the span?
Sample Problem:
Solution:
Sample Problem:

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