I N T R O D U C T I O N TO I N F O R M AT I O N &

C O M M U N I C AT I O N T E C H N O L O G I E S .

(Computer Hardware: In Put and Output Devices )

Lecture # 03
By:

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Khurram Bajwa
Department
of C S & IT.

1
W H AT A R E H A R D WA R E A N D S O F T WA R E ?

Hardware
The electric, Software
electronic,
The series of
and
instructions that
mechanical
tells the
equipment that
hardware how to
makes up a
perform tasks
computer
C O M P U T E R H A R D WA R E P ARTS :
Computer System can be divided into main Three
Parts/types:

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

1 In Put Devices
2 System Unit
3 Out Put Devices.

3
 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
What are common computer hardware components?
PC camera system unit
speaker

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

printer
speaker

monitor

keyboard
modem
scanner
mouse

4
p. 1.5 Fig.
1-3 microphone
digital camera
 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
What is an input device?
 Any hardware component that allows a user to enter
data and instructions into a computer

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

microphone PC camera
keyboard

mouse
scanner

Click to view Web

Link then click Input 5
Devices digita l
p. 1.5 Fig. 1-3 camera
 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
What is an output device?
 Any hardware component that can convey
information to a user

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

monitor speakers

printer

Click to view Web

Link then click Output
6
Devices p. 1.6 Fig. 1-3
 Keyboard
Akeyboard is a set of typewriter like keys
that enables you to enter data into a computer
The keys on a computer keyboard are
classified as follow:
1. Alphanumeric keys (letters & numbers)
2. Punctuation keys (comma, semi colon etc…)

3. Special keys (function keys, control keys, arrow

keys etc..)
4. Toggle keys (keys that switches
b/w two
different states like Num Lock, Caps Lock)
 Keyboard

 The standard layout of letters, numbers &

punctuations is known as QW E RT Y keyboard
because the first six keys on the top row of letters is
spelled as QWERTY.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 Another type is Dvorak Keyboard. It is designed so
that the middle row of the keys include the most
common letters. It was designed for speed typing.

8
 Keyboard

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

QWERT vs Dvorak

A desktop computer typically have 101 to 105 keys

containing alphanumeric, function & punctuation
keys.
Wireless keyboards battery powered device use radio
waves or infrared technology to transmit data.

9
 Pointing
Devices
A pointing device is an input device which is used to
control a pointer on a screen. Pointer is a small symbol
on a screen.
 Mouse

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 Trackball

 Joy Stick

 Touchpad

 And many more

10
 mouse
M O U SE pad

How does a mechanical mouse work?

 A rubber or metal ball
is on its underside mouse wheel
 When the ball rolls in

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

buttons button
a certain direction,
electronic circuits in
the mouse translate
the movement of the
mouse into signals the
compute understands

 A mouse pad
provides better
traction and
11
p. 5.7 Fig.
protects
the ball from a
5-9 build up of dust ball
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES?
What is a trackball?
 A stationary
pointing
device with a

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

ball on its
top

Click to view
Web Link then
click 12
Trackballs
p. 5.10 Fig. 5-13
trackball
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a touchpad?
 Also called a track pad
 A small flat,
rectangular
pointing device
that is
sensitive to
pressure and
motion
 Typically built
onto
Click to of keyboards
laptop
view
Web or touchpad 13
Link
then
Touchpads notebook
computers
p. 5.10 Fig. 5-
click
14
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a pointing
stick?
⦿ A pressure-
sensitive
pointing
device
shaped like
a pencil
eraser that
is positioned
between
keys on the
keyboard
Click to view
Web Link then
click Pointing pointing
Sticks stick
p. 5.11 Fig. 5-15
14
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES joystick

What are a joystick and a wheel?

 Help the user control the actions of players
and vehicles in game and simulation
software
 A joystick is a vertical lever mounted on a
base
• You move the lever in
wheel
different directions to
control the actions of a
vehicle or player
 A wheel is a steering-wheel
type pedal
of input device
p. 5.11
• You
car, truck, or wheel
turn the other vehicle
to drive a 15

Fig. 5-
16
• Most include foot pedals
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a light pen?
 A handheld input device that contains a light source or
can detect light
 Some require a
specially
designed monitor
 To select objects
on the screen,
you press the
light pen against
the surface of the
screen and then
press a button on 16

the pen
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a a touch screen?
 A touch-sensitive display
 You interact
with the
device by
touching
areas of the
screen with
your finger
 Often found in
kiosks located
in stores,
hotels, airports 17

and museums
p. 5.12 Fig. 5-
18
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a stylus?
 Looks like a ballpoint pen, but uses pressure to
write
stylus or pen
 text and draw
Originally lines
called a pen or electronic
pen
 Used in professional
graphical applications
 A graphics tablet, also
called a digitizer or
digitizing tablet, is a
flat rectangular,
electronic plastic board
Click to view Web
Link used with a stylus
then click Stylus
p. 5.13 Fig. 5-19
18
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is an electronic signature?
 Also called an e-signature
 Pen and graphics
tablet used with
special software
for handwriting
recognition
 An electronic
signature is just
as legal as an
ink signature

Click to view Web

Link
19
then click E-
signatures
p. 5.13 Fig. 5-20
 VOICE INPUT
What is voice input?
 The process of entering data by speaking into a microphone that
is attached to the sound card on the computer
 Voice recognition, also called speech recognition, is the computer’s

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

capability of distinguishing spoken words

speaker- speaker-independent
dependent software
software
The computer makes Has a built-in set

vs.
of word
a profildeisocf
patterns
ryeoteursvpoeiecceh
coYnotiunudoounsostp
YouYhoauvehatovetrtaoins heaevceho
t 20
p.
5.14 tpheeak computesr tArallionwascyoom
 VOICE INPUT
How does voice recognition
work?
You’re
right!

Step 213:4ATUohnsenarasndroarc
lfi ootwgaa-
Natural Languag
Engine tae
troesl-side
t tg
ixdtioawl nc,otnhveerter
sc
(n
iAoD
t fmotCwpm)atircrerasopnprs
t ehal seote
…Your write
…You’re right nesnespto
. skotehunendsuwearvweishtn i ato
ti l
s
…Your right such asieawtiisand
of cdmhg oa cauel 21
guh.
p. 5.15 Fig. 5- srmeoemraesMatches t your,
unusrtesesmo aetnnhao
tstsue tr
22 you’re
haei lnlcao gpaugt eright, write
itnsmu
 VIDEO INPUT
What is video
 input?
The process of entering a full-motion recoding into a computer
and storing it on a storage medium
digital
video-in video
plug camera

22
analog video
p. 5.21 Fig. 5-
29 camera
 VIDEO INPUT
What are some factors related to video
⦿ input?
Video files can require huge amounts of storage space
⦿ Video compression is used to decrease the size of the files
⦿ Files can be compressed using software or hardware

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

video digitizer
video decoder Used to capture
A card that an individual
decompresse frame from an
s video data analog video
and then save 23
p. the picture in a
5.21
file
 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
What is a scanner?
 A device that captures data directly from source
documents

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 A source document is the original form of the data

24
p.
5.24
 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
What are various types of scanners?
Pen or
handheld

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Flatbed

Click to view Web

Drum
Link
25
then click Scanners
p. 5.26 Fig. 5-34
Sheet-fed
 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

What is an optical reader?

 A device that uses a light source to read characters, marks
and codes and then converts them into digital data that a

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

computer can process

Optical
mark
recognition
Optical character Bar code
recognition
(OCR) scanner 26
p.
5.27
OUTPUT DEVICES
2. OUTPUT DEVICES
• Any hardware component used to show results
after processing to any user. Output can be text,
Audio, Video & graphics.
• Examples

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 Display device
• Monitor
• Printer
• Plotter
• Projectors
• Speakers
• Headphone etc

28
Display Devices
A display device is simply an output
device that visually conveys text,
graphics & video information.

Information on a display

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

device, sometimes
called soft copy exists for a
temporary period only.

Display devices include:

 CRT Monitors
 LCD Monitors Monitors
 Gas Plasma Monitors
 Televisions
29
CRT Monitors

 Similar to standard Television because it contains the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
 CRT is a large, sealed, glass tube
 The front of the tube is screen
 Tiny dots of phosphorus material coat the screen
 Each dot consists of red, green & blue phosphorus.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 Inside CRT, an electronic beam moves back &
forth across the back site of the screen which
causes the dots on the front of the screen to glow
Three dots combine to make up one pixel
 The size of CRT monitors can be 14, 15, 17, 19, 21 and
22 plus more inches which is measured diagonally.

 The actual viewable area is however, less than the diagonal size. For
example, a 21 inches monitor will have 19.8 inches viewable area
30
 LCD Monitors
 LCD Monitors use Liquid Crystal
 LCD contains liquid crystals between two sheets
of material
 When an electric current passes through the
crystals, they twist which causes the image to
be displayed on the screen
 LCD Monitors are the type of the flat-panel

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

displays

 Flat Panel displays have less weight, compact screen & consume less than one
third the power consumed by CRT monitors
 The size ranges from 15, 17, 18, 20 and 21 plus more inches
 LCD Monitors typically are more expensive than CRT Monitors
 Desktop, Notebook & Handheld computers often use LCD displays
LCD or TFT:
Active Matrix or Thin Film Transistor
(TFT) Display: Higher refresh rate &
contrast 31
Gas Plasma
Monitors
 Gas Plasma Monitors are Flat-Panel screens instead
only they use gas plasma technology, which substitutes
a layer of gas for the liquid crystal material in an LCD
monitor
 When voltage is applied, the gas released UV light.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 The UV light causes the pixels on the screen to glow
 The Gas Plasma Monitors can be more than 42” wide .

 Refresh Rate: Phosphorus on the CRT Monitors must be refreshed 50 to 100

times after every second (Hz).
 Faster refresh rate causes fewer flickers on screen
 Monitor Resolution: Depends upon the number of bits to be used to display
each pixel:
 28 bits = 256 colors
 216 bits = 65536 colors
 224 to 232 bits = 16 million to 4 billion colors 32
Printers

A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on

a physical medium such as paper or transparency film.

Printed information is called hard copy. And is more permanent

than a soft copy.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

There are two types of printers:

1. Impact Printers
2. Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers
An impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking
a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper.
 Impact printers are noisy because of this striking activity.
 Impact printers normally do not provide Letter Quality (LQ) printing. They are ideal
to print multipart forms because they easily can print through many layers of papers.
33
 Printers
Two commonly used types of impact
printers are:
a. Dot Matrix Printers
b. Line Printers
Dot Matrix Printers
Dot Matrix Printer produces the printed images when tiny wire pins on a

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

print Head mechanism strike an inked ribbon.
When ribbon passes against the paper, it creates dots that form characters and
graphics.

The print head can contain 9 to 24 pins. A high number of pins means the printer
prints more dots per character, which results in higher print quality.

34
 Printers (a-Dot Matrix Printers )
Most dot matrix printers use continuous-form paper, in which each sheet of paper
is connected together. The pages have holes along the sides to help feed the paper.

The speed is measured by number of characters per second (CPS). It ranges from 300
to 1100 CPS

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Factories & retail counters use impact printers because these printers can
withstand dusty environment, vibrations & extreme temperatures.

9-pin dot matrix printer in action

35
Printers
B-Line Printers
• A line printer is a high speed impact printer that prints an entire line a time.

•The speed is measured by number of lines it can print. (LPM). These printers are
capable to print 3000 LPM.
•A line printer is often connected with a midrange mainframe, server or network.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

•Line printers are bigger in size & are
more
expensive than dot matrix printers.

36
2-Non-impact Printer
•A non-impact printer forms characters & graphics on a piece of paper
without actually striking the paper.
•Some spray ink, while others use heat & pressure to create images.
Because, these printers do not strike the paper, they are much quieter than
impact printers.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

The commonly used types of the non-impact printers are:

 Ink-jet printers
 Laser Printers

37
 Ink-Jet Printers
Ink Jet Printers create characters & graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a
piece
of paper.

• Ink Jet Printers usually use individual sheets of paper

Nade em Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

stored in removable or stationary tray.
• These printers can print both black & white & color prints
on a variety of paper types. e.g., plain papers, photo paper,
glossy paper and banner paper.
• Most Ink Jet Printers have the resolution ranges from 300
to 2400 dpi & speed 3 to 20 p p m.

Higher the dpi, better the quality of the image

Ink Jet Printers have become most popular type of the color printers especially
in homes because of their lower cost & better quality printing
38
 Laser Printers
Laser Printers use a laser to mark the parts of the page where the text & image is to
formed. The paper is passed through a toner solution where the mark areas pick up the
toner & the text becomes visible.

Laser Printers usually use individual sheets of paper

stored in removable or stationary tray. Some laser printers

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

have trays that can accommodate different sizes of
papers.
These Printers can print both black, white & gray and
color prints. However, color laser printers are expensive. HP Laser Jet 2100

Most Laser Printers have the resolution ranges from 600 to

2400 dpi & speed 6 to 40 ppm.

HP Color Laser Jet 4550

 D I S P L AY D E V I C E S
What is an electronic book (e-book)?
 A small, book-sized computer that uses an L C D screen
 Allows users to read, save, highlight, bookmark, and add notes
to online text
Download new book content from the Web

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Clear Type, a new technology
developed
by Microsoft,
used to
improve
the
quality of
reading
material on
L C D screens

Next
40
p. 6.7 Fig. 6-
7
 D I S P L AY D E V I C E S
What is display
resolution?
Describes the sharpness and clearness of an image
 Resolution of a display device stated as dots, or pixels

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

800 x 600
typically 800
the horizontal
standard pixels
1280 x 1024
maximum 600 vertical
resolution of most pixels
monitors
Tota
2048 x 1536 l of 41
Next maximum for 480,
p.
6.8
high-end monitors 000
pixel
 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES
What is a data projector?
 A device that takes the image from a computer screen
and projects it onto a larger screen so an audience of

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

people can see the image clearly

Next
42
p. 6.25 Fig. 6-
32
 T E R M I NA L S
What is a
terminal?
 A device that performs both input and output because it
consists of a monitor (output), a keyboard (input), and a

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

video card
 Three basic categories

intelligent special-
dumb
purpose
terminals
terminals terminals
Next
43
p.
6.27
 T E R M I NA L S
What is a dumb
terminal?
 Has no processing power so it cannot function as an
independent device
 Can enter and transmit

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

data to, or receive and
display information
from, a computer to
which it is connected
 Connect to a host
computer that performs
the processing and then
sends the output back
to the dumb terminal 44
Next
p. 6.27 Fig. 6-
36
 T E R M I NA L S
What is an intelligent
terminal?
⦿ Has memory and a
processor that has
the capability of
performing some

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

functions
independent of the
host computer
⦿ Sometimes called
programmable
terminals because
they can be
programmed by
the software
developer to
perform basic
tasks

Next
45
p.
6.28
 T E R M I NA L S
What is a point-of-sale (POS) POS
terminal? terminal
⦿ Records purchases at the
point where the consumer
purchases a product or a
service
⦿ Output from P O S
terminals serve as input to
other computers to
maintain sales records,
update inventory, verify
credit, and perform other
activities associated with
Click to
the sales transactions that
view Web are critical to running the
Link
then click
business
POS
Next
46
Terminals
p. 6.28 Fig. 6-
37
 T E R M I NA L S
What is an automated teller machine
(ATM)?
A self-service banking
⦿
machine that connects to a
host computer through a
telephone network
⦿ Insert a plastic bankcard
with a magnetic strip into
the ATM
Click to
Enter your password, called
view video⦿
a personal identification
number (PIN), to access
Click to your bank account
view Web
Link
then click
Automated
Teller 47
Next
Machines
p. 6.29 Fig. 6-
37