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Lesson 2:: Arithmetic & Geometric Sequences

This document provides information about arithmetic and geometric sequences. It defines arithmetic sequences as those where the difference between consecutive terms is constant, and geometric sequences as those where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant factor. Several examples of finding common differences or ratios are given for both arithmetic and geometric sequences. Formulas for writing the explicit rules and finding specific terms are presented. Practice problems with solutions are provided to illustrate applying the concepts.

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59 views

Lesson 2:: Arithmetic & Geometric Sequences

This document provides information about arithmetic and geometric sequences. It defines arithmetic sequences as those where the difference between consecutive terms is constant, and geometric sequences as those where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant factor. Several examples of finding common differences or ratios are given for both arithmetic and geometric sequences. Formulas for writing the explicit rules and finding specific terms are presented. Practice problems with solutions are provided to illustrate applying the concepts.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 2:

Arithmetic & Geometric


Sequences
Prepared by: Janice A. Hernandez

Presented by: Alvin L. Espinas, EdD


Arithmetic Sequence

• In an Arithmetic Sequence the difference between one


term and the next term is a constant.
• We just add some value each time on to infinity.
• For example:
– 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, …
– This sequence has a difference of 3 between each number.
– It’s rule is an = 3n – 2.
Arithmetic Sequence

• In general, we can write an arithmetic sequence like this:


• a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, …
• a is the first term.
• d is the difference between the terms (called the “common
difference”)
• The rule is:
• xn = a + d(n-1)
• (We use “n-1” because d is not used on the 1st term.)
Arithmetic Sequence

• For each sequence, if it is arithmetic,


find the common difference.
1. -3, -6, -9, -12, … 1. d = -3
2. 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, … 2. d = 1.1
3. 41, 32, 23, 14, 5, … 3. d = -9
4. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, … 4. Not an arithmetic
sequence.
Arithmetic Sequence

• Write the explicit rule for the sequence


19, 13, 7, 1, -5, …
Find the 12th term of this sequence.
• Start with the formula: xn = a + d(n-1) Substitute 12 in for “n.”
a is the first term = 19 x12 = 19 - 6(12-1)
d is the common difference: -6
x12 = 19 - 6(11)
• The rule is: x12 = 19 – 66
xn = 19 - 6(n-1) x12 = -47
1. What is the fiftieth term of the arithmetic sequence 3, 7, 11,
15, ... ?

xn = a + d(n-1) xn = a + d(n-1)
a=3 X50 = 3 + 4(50-1)
n = 50 X50 = 3 + 4(49)
d= 4 X50 = 3 + 196
X50 = ? X50 = 199
2. What is the thirty-second term of the arithmetic sequence -12,
-7, -2, 3, ... ?

xn = a + d(n-1) xn = a + d(n-1)
a = -12 X32 = -12 + 5(32-1)
n = 32 X32 = -12 + 5(31)
d= 5 X32 = -12 + 5(31)
X32 = ? X32 = -12 + 155
X32 = 143
3. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 4 and the tenth
term is 67.
What is the common difference?
xn = a + d(n-1) xn = a + d(n-1) 7=d
a=4 67 = 4 + d(10-1)
n = 10 67 = 4 + d (9)
Xn = 67 67 = 4 + 9d
d=? 67 – 4 = 9d
63 = 9d
9 9
Recitation:
4. What is the 40th term of the arithmetic sequence 3, 7, 11,
15, .. . ?

5. What is the 19th term of the arithmetic sequence 21, 18, 15,
12, ... ?

6. The sixth term of an arithmetic sequence is 17 and the tenth


term is 41. What is the first term?
Geometric Sequence
In a Geometric Sequence each term is found by
multiplying the previous term by a constant.

For example:
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, …

The sequence has a factor of 2 between each number.

It’s rule is xn = 2n
Geometric Sequence
In general we can write a geometric sequence like this:
a, ar, ar2, ar3, …

a is the first term

r is the factor between the terms (called the “common ratio”).

The rule is xn = ar(n-1)

We use “n-1” because ar0 is the 1st term.


Geometric Sequence
For each sequence, if it is geometric,
find the common ratio.

1. 2, 8, 32, 128, … 1. r = 4
2. 1, 10, 100, 1000, … 2. r = 10
3. 1, -1, 1, -1, … 3. r = -1
4. 20, 16, 12, 8, 4, … 4. Not a geometric sequence.
Geometric Sequence
Write the explicit rule for the sequence Find the 12th term of this sequence.
3, 6, 12, 24, 48, … Substitute 12 in for “n.”
x12 = (3)(2)(12-1)
Start with the formula: xn = ar(n-1)
x12 = (3)(2)(11)
a is the first term = 3
r is the common ratio: 2 x12 = (3)(2048)
x12 = 6,144
The rule is:
xn = (3)(2)(n-1)
• (Order of operations states that we would take care of exponents before you multiply.)
More Examples:
What is the eleventh term of the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12,
24, ... ?

Solution:
xn = ar(n-1)
a=3 xn = ar(n-1) x11 = 3072
r=2 x11 = (3)(2)(11-1)
n = 11 x11 = (3)(2)(10)
x11 = ? x11 = (3)(1024)
More Examples:
What is the ninth term of the geometric sequence 81, 27, 9, 3, ... ?

Solution:
xn = ar(n-1)
a = 81 xn = ar(n-1) x9 = 81/6561 or 1/81
r = 1/3 x9 = (81)(1/3)(9-1)
n=9 x9 = (81)(1/3)(8)
x9 = ? x9 = (81)(1/6,561)
More Examples:
The first term of a geometric sequence is 5 and the sixth term is 160.
What is the common ratio?

Solution:
xn = ar(n-1)
a=5 xn = ar(n-1) 32 = r5
r=? 160 = (5)(r)(6-1) 2=r
n=6 160 = (5)(r)(5)
x6 = 160 160 = 5r5
5 5
Recitation:
1. What is the 20th term of the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, ... ?

2. Find the 8th term of a geometric sequence for which a = -3 and r = -2.

3. Find the next two terms of the arithmetic sequence 1/81, 1/27, 1/9,..

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