COMPUTER EDUCATION

BRIEF HISTORY

Computer - an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary
form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
Charles Babbage – Designed the Analytical Engine, which is the framework of
computers today.
- A 19th Century English Mathematician (Father of Modern Computer)
Early Computers - Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years,
mostly using one-to-correspondents with fingers. 
  Ancient Computers
Abacus - was early used for arithmetic tasks.
- was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC
First Generation Computers 1940 – 1956 (Vacuum Tubes)
- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
- uses vacuum tubes for processing
- first general – purpose digital computers
Second Generation Computers 1947 – 1962 (Transistors)
- Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
(IBM) International Business Machines – introduced the first commercial computers
  - Smaller size as compared to first generation computers

Third Generation Computers 1964 – 1971 (Integrated Circuits)

- Smaller, Powerful more reliable and can run many
different programs.
- Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos)
- IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)
Fourth Generation Computers 1971 – present (Microprocessors)
- Single chip
- present computer
 - thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. 
Fifth Generation Computers (Artificial Intelligence) (Present and Beyond)
- it is still in development
- fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.
ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
PEOPLEWARE
PARTS OF A COMPUTER
Hardware Devices -  is the physical parts or components of a computer. all of which are
tangible physical objects.
Input and Output Devices (I/O Devices)
Input Devices – it sends data or instructions into a computer.
Keyboard - is one of the most popular ways of inputting data information and
instructions into a computer.
Mouse – Commonly known as a pointing device.
Microphone - connected to software that converts human speech into commands or
text.
Scanner - used to convert images and text into a digital format.
Output Devices -  is any device used to send data from a computer to another
device or user.
Monitor - works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display
images and text on the screen.
Speakers – an external sound system, typically a high-power high-quality setup.
Printers – Used to print out files.
Projector - an object that is used to project rays of light, especially and apparatus with
a system of lenses for projecting slides or film onto a screen.
WHAT IS A SYSTEM UNIT?
System Unit - is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices that perform operations and produce
results for complex calculations.
Basic Parts of A System Unit
Motherboard - is the core of the system,  it controls everything in the system.
Processor – it is often thought of as the engine of the computer.
- It is also called the CPU.
Random Access Memory (RAM) - is the primary memory, which holds all the programs and data the processor is
using at a given time.
Hard Disk Drive – is the primary archival storage memory for the system. 
-  It is where we saved our files and data including our operating system, antivirus and other applications.
Video Card – it controls the information you see on the monitor.
- This is also called the video card or graphics adapter.
Power supply – is the one that feeds electrical power (voltages and currents) to every single part in the PC.
MOTHERBOARD
PROCESSOR
Random Access Memory (RAM)

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Power Supply
OTHER HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Cooling Systems – Removes the heat generated by the computers.
Heat sink - attached to the CPU to dissipate the generated heat.
Exhaust Fan - commonly attached above the heat sink.
Buses - a set of circuits on the motherboard through which data is transferred
from one part of a computer to another.
BIOS - is a firmware that supports the PC during start-up.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) – was developed to simplify the connection of peripheral devices to the PC.
Expansion Cards – is a printed circuit printed circuit board that you can insert into a motherboard to add
functionality to a PC.
Disk Drive Controller – manages the transfers of data from a motherboard to a disk drive and vice versa.
Optical Drives – uses light produced by lasers instead of magnetism to store data on optical disks.
USB Drives – is a small, portable flash memory device that plugs into any computer with USB port and
functions as a portable drive.
OTHER HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Modems (Modulator-Demodulator) – is a device that enables the PC’s digitally stored
information to be transmitted over lines in the form of sound waves.
Wireless Adapters – permits a mobile user to connect to a LAN through a wireless
connection.
WHAT IS A SOFTWARE?
Software – is the programs and other operating information used by a computer.
- is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computer
and related devices.
Operating System - manages all the other programs in a computer. 
Two Major Categories
• System Software - consists of an operating system and some fundamental utilities such as disk
formatters, file managers, display managers, text editors, user authentication (login) and
management tools, and networking and device control software.
• Application Software - is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the
computer system.
WHAT IS PEOPLEWARE?
It refers to the human role in an IT system. In many cases, peopleware forms a kind of
"conceptual triangle" with hardware and software. 
What is Information system?

INFORMATION SYSTEM – IS AN ORGANIZED

COMBINATION OF PEOPLE, HARDWARE,
SOFTWARE, COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKS AND
DATA RESOURCES THAT COLLECTS, TRANSFORMS
AND DISSEMINATES INFORMATION IN AN
ORGANIZATION.
Brief History of Information System
• Johannes Gutenberg – Invented the printing press in the mid-15th century.
• Blaise Pascal – Invented the calculator in the 17th century.
• Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator – Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S census, his machine
represented a major step in automation, as well as inspiration to develop computerized information
systems.
• 1970’s – personal computer brought some of the advantages of information systems to small businesses
and to individuals.
• Internet – began its expansion as the global network of networks.
• World Wide Web (www) –invented by Tim Berners-Lee as a means to access interlinked information
stored in the globally dispersed computers connected by the internet, began operation and became
principal service delivered on the network.
Their inventions led to a profound revolution in the ability to record, process, disseminate, and reach
for information and knowledge.
Components of information systems are computer hardware and software,
telecommunications, databases and data warehouses, human resources, and procedures.
• Computer Hardware - Today throughout the world even the smallest firms, as well as
many households, own or lease computers. Individuals may own multiple computers in
the form of smartphones, tablets, and other wearable devices.
• Computer Software - Computer software falls into two broad classes: system software
 and application software. The principal system software is the operating system. It
manages the hardware, data and program files, and other system resources and provides
means for the user to control the computer, generally via a graphical user interface
 (GUI). Application software is programs designed to handle specific tasks for users.
Smartphone apps became a common way for individuals to access information systems.
• Telecommunications - Telecommunications are used to connect, or network, computer
systems and portable and wearable devices and to transmit information
• Databases and Data Warehouses - Many information systems are primarily
delivery vehicles for data stored in databases.
• Database – is a collection of interrelated data organized so that individual records or groups
records can be retrieved to satisfy various criteria.
• Data Warehouses – contain the archival data, collected overtime, that can be mined for
information in order to develop and market new products, serve the existing customers
better, or reach out to potential new customers.

• Human resources and procedures - Qualified people are a vital component of

any information system. Technical personnel include development and
operations managers, business analysts, systems analysts and designers, database
administrators, programmers, computer security specialists, and computer
operators.