Introduction to welding processes
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Introduction to welding processes
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Welding defects
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Welding defects
SPATTER INCOMPLETE FUSION
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION OVERLAP 4
Design of welded joints
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Welding Process
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TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS
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Types of joint and welding process
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TYPES OF WELD SYMBOLS
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TRANSVERSE FILLET WELDS
t – throat thickness
s – leg or size of weld
l – length of weld
Minimum area of the weld or throat
area = throat thickness x length of
the weld
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STRENGTH OF PARALLEL FILLET WELDED JOINTS
A=0.707sxl
P = throat area x allowable shear stress
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BUTT JOINTS
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Joints over Riveted Joints
Advantages
• The welded structures are usually lighter than riveted structures. This is due to the
reason,
• that in welding, gussets or other connecting components are not used.
• The welded joints provide maximum efficiency (may be 100%) which is not possible in
• case of riveted joints.
• Alterations and additions can be easily made in the existing structures.
• As the welded structure is smooth in appearance, therefore it looks pleasing.
• In welded connections, the tension members are not weakened as in the case of riveted
joints.
• A welded joint has a great strength. Often a welded joint has the strength of the parent
• metal itself.
• Sometimes, the members are of such a shape (i.e. circular steel pipes) that they afford
• difficulty for riveting. But they can be easily welded.
• The welding provides very rigid joints. This is in line with the modern trend of providing
• rigid frames.
• It is possible to weld any part of a structure at any point. But riveting requires enough
• clearance.
• The process of welding takes less time than the riveting.
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Disadvantages
1. Since there is an uneven heating and cooling during fabrication, therefore the
members
may get distorted or additional stresses may develop.
2. It requires a highly skilled labour and supervision.
3. Since no provision is kept for expansion and contraction in the frame, therefore
there is a
possibility of cracks developing in it.
4. The inspection of welding work is more difficult than riveting work.
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Weld symbols
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Problem 1 : A plate 100 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is to be welded to another
plate by means of parallel fillet welds. The plates are subjected to a load of 50 kN.
Find the length of the weld so that the maximum stress does not exceed 56 MPa.
Consider the joint first under static loading and then under fatigue loading.
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Problem 2 : A plate 75 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is joined with another plate by a
single transverse weld and a double parallel fillet weld as shown in Fig. The
maximum tensile and shear stresses are 70 MPa and 56 MPa respectively.
Find the length of each parallel fillet weld, if the joint is subjected to both static and
fatigue loading.
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Problem 3 : Determine the length of the weld run for a plate of size 120 mm
wide and 15 mm thick to be welded to another plate by means of
1. A single transverse weld; and
2. Double parallel fillet welds when the joint is subjected to variable loads.
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Problem 4 : A welded joint as shown in Fig, is subjected to an eccentric load of 2
kN. Find the size of weld, if the maximum shear stress in the weld is 25 MPa.
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Problem 5 : A 50 mm diameter solid shaft is welded to a flat plate as shown in Fig. If the size
of the weld is 15 mm, find the maximum normal and shear stress in the weld.
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Problem 6 : rectangular cross-section bar is welded to a support by means of fillet
welds
as shown in Fig. Determine the size of the welds, if the permissible shear stress in
the weld is limited to 75 MPa.
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Problem 7 : A rectangular steel plate is welded as a cantilever to a vertical column
and supports a single concentrated load P, as shown in Fig. Determine the weld size
if shear stress in the same is not to exceed 140 MPa.
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Problem 8: Find the maximum shear stress induced in the weld of 6 mm size
when a channel, as shown in Fig. is welded to a plate and loaded with 20 kN
force at a distance of 200 mm.
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