CABLE STAYED

BRIDGES
SORNAMUGI K-20MC06
SUJITHA S-20MC08
ME STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

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INTRODUCTION

 A cable-stayed bridge, one of the most modern bridges, consists of a

continuous strong beam (girder) with one or more pillars or towers inside
the middle.
 Cables stretch diagonally between the pillars or towers and the beam.
 These cables support the beam.
 The cables are anchored in the tower rather than at the end.

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ADVANTAGES

 Much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of

the deck under live roads are reduced
 Can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both
as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck.
 For a symmetrical bridge ( i.e. spans on either side of the tower are the
same), the horizontal forces balance and large ground anchorages are not
required.

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DIFFERENCE B/W CABLE STAYED AND CABLE SUSPENSION BRIDGE

 A multiple-tower cable-stayed bridge may appear similar to a suspension bridge,

but in fact is very different in principle and in the method of construction.
 In the suspension bridge, a large cable hangs between two towers, and is
fastened at each end to anchorages in the ground or to a massive structure.
 These cables form the primary load-bearing structure for the bridge deck.
 Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from only their own
weight.
 Smaller cables or rods are then suspended from the main cable and used to
support the load of the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections and attached to the
suspender cables.
 The tension on the cables must be transferred to the earth by the anchorages,
which are sometimes difficult to construct owing to poor soil conditions.

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COMPONENTS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGES
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 LOAD TRANSMISSION

.

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CLASSIFICATION
Based on arrangements of the cables
 Radiating
 Harp
 Fan
 Star
Based on the shape of pylon
 A-type
 H-type
 Y-type

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ARRANGEMENT OF CABLES

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SHAPES OF PYLON

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TYPES OF DECKS

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CABLES
 A cable may be composed of one or more structural ropes, structural stands,
locked coil stands, locked oil stands or parallel wire stands.
 A stand is an assembly of wires formed helically around centre wire in one or
more symmetrical layers.
 A stand can be used either as an individual load-carrying member, where radius
or curvature is not a major requirement, or as a component in the manufacture
of the structural rope.
 A rope is composed of plurality of stands helically laid around a core. In contrast
to the stand, a rope provides increased curvature capability and is used where
curvature of the cable becomes an important consideration

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TYPES OF CABLES

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SELECTION OF CABLE CONFIGURATION
 The selection of cable configuration and number of cables is dependent mainly
on length of the span, type of loadings, number of roadways lanes, height of
towers, and the designer’s individual sense of proportion and aesthetics.
 Cost also plays important role in deciding the selection
 Using less number of cables increases concentrated load at a single point thereby
requiring additional reinforcement for the deck slab as well as pylon.

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POSITIONS OF THE CABLES IN SPACE
• Two plane system
 Two Vertical Planes Systems
 Two Inclined Planes Systems
• The Single Plane System

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TWO VERTICAL PLANES SYSTEM

 In this type of system there are two parallel sets of cables and the tower on the
either sides of the bridge, which lie in the same vertical plane.
 The cable anchorages may be situated outside the deck structure, which is
better than the other in terms of space as no deck area of the deck
surface is obstructed by the presence of the cables and the towers.
 But this requires substantial cantilevers to be constructed in order to
transfer the shear and the bending moment into the deck structure.
 When the cables and tower lie within the cross-section of the bridge, the area taken
up cannot be utilized as a part of the roadway and may be only partly used for
sidewalk. Thus as area of the deck surface is made non-effective and has to be
compensated for by increasing overall width of the deck.

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TWO INCLINED PLANES SYSTEM

 In this system the cables run from the edges of the bridge deck to a point
above the centreline of the bridge on an A-shaped tower or λ-shaped or
diamond shaped pylon.
 This arrangement can be recommended for very long spans where the tower
has to be very high and needs the lateral stiffness given by the triangle and
the frame junction.

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THE SINGLE PLANE SYSTEM

 This type of system consists of bridges with only one vertical plane of stay
cables along the middle longitudinal axis of the superstructure.
 As the cables are located in a single vertical strip thus all the space is
utilized by the traffic.
 This system also creates a lane separation as a natural continuation of the
highway approaches to the bridge.
 Longitudinal arrangements of the cables used with two planes bridges are
also applied to a single centre girder bridges.

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INSTALLATION OF ANCHORAGES

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INSTALLATION OF ANCHORAGES

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INSTALLATION OF ANCHORAGES

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INSTALLATION OF ANCHORAGES

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INSTALLATION OF ANCHORAGES

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INSTALLATION OF ANCHORAGES

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ANCHORAGES

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FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS
• Bridge bearings are used to transfer forces from the superstructure to
the substructure, allowing the following types of movements of the
superstructure:
 Translational movements; and
 Rotational movements
• Until the middle of this century, the bearings used consisted of
following types
 Pin
 Roller
 Rocker
 Metal sliding bearings

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CONSTRUCTION METHOD

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

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APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
It involves the computation of following terms :
1. Optimum inclination of cables
2. Height of tower and length of panels
3. Cable forces
4. Approximate weight of stiffening girders
5. Self weight of cables
6. Degree of Redundancy

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1. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM
INCLINATION OF CABLES
• The height of the tower significantly influences the stiffness of the bridge
system.
• As the angle of inclination of the cable with respect to the stiffening
girder increases stresses in the cable decrease as does the required cross
section of the tower .
• However as the height of the tower increases the length of the cable and
therefore their axial deformations also increases as well as the amount of
metals in the cables .
• In order to find optimum amount of material and inclination of cable the
following simplified bridge system hinged at the location of the cables to
the stiffening girder is considered

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30
•
• The weight of the cable is computed as,
  W=y
=( /f) and
=(na/ cos)
=( /sin)
=(/fsin)
Where
• =cross sectional area of the cable ()
• =length of the cable (m)
• y=specific weight of the cable material(KN/)
• W=weight of the cable (KN)
• =the angle inclination of the cable
• na =cos= horizontal projection of the length of cable
• n = corresponding number of the panels
• a =length of each panel (m)
• E=modulus of elasticity of the cable material (KN/)
• =Force in the cable(KN)
• f = permissible stress in the cable (KN/)
• =vertical component of force on the cable (KN)

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•Assuming
  W=nay/f sincos
=1 and designating nay/f=C
» W=
Hence the weight of the cable is the function of( 1/)
The force in the cable due to load =1 at the joint N is ,
» =/ sin
The corresponding elongation of the cable is
» =
The force in the upper cable transferred by the tower form the cable is, = =
» =
The corresponding displacement of the tower is
» b = /cos

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•
• The
 as vertical deflection of the joint n due to the elongation of the cable is expressed
==

• The vertical deflection of the joint n due to the elongation of the cable and
displacement b of the top of the tower due to the load at the joint n is
=bcot
=na tan
=
• The expression for total deflection is ,
= +
• If the angle and the no. of panels are equal
na=a also ==and C1=C2
• The final expression for final deflection is given by ,
=/sincos

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•   =2 =2=
W=
=/sincos
• Comparison of the expressions indicates that the displacement of the joint in
the stiffening girder and therefore the bending moment follows the same
pattern as the change in the weight of the cable .
• The values of the as the function of the angle is shown in the figure below

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 • The relation between the cable inclination and the deflection of joint
indicates that the optimum angle of cable inclination is 45 may vary in the
reasonable limits of 25-65
• he low values of angle of inclination correspond to the external cables
while the greater values correspond to the cables nearest to the tower.

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2.DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT OF
TOWER AND LENGTH OF PANELS
•  
The height of the tower as a function of panel length na may be expressed as follows
h= na tan25
Using three cables on each side of the tower n=3
h=0.465x3a= 1.4a
And with 4 cables we have h=0.465x4a=1.86a
The middle panel is usually longer than the remaining panels and may take as 1.3 a .
In that case the ratio of the tower height to the length of the midspan considering a
total of 6 panels is obtained as
=
H=L/5.2
Hence the number of panels are usually determined by the bridge system and its
structural characteristics
It is possible to reduce the moment of inertia of the girder and for this purpose it is
necessary to reduce the panel length .However the reduction of the girder depth is
limited because of the connection of the cable to the girder .

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Technically it is certainly convenient to have minimum number of cable connection to
reduce the number of anchorages and for regulation of forces in the cables
A comparison of existing structures indicate the following optimum values of the
panel lengths
• For a central span of length in the range of 137-150m, panels of 20m length are
recommended
• For the smaller of central spans, the panels should be in the range of 15-17m
• For central span longer than 170m,panels should be 30m in length
The middle panel performs differently from the other panels since it is not
compressed by the horizontal component of the cable forces and therefore it is
possible to use comparatively longer panel.
The size of the middle panel substantially affects the distribution of the loadings
between the remaining parts of the stiffening girder.
With greater stiffness of the girder in the middle panel the non loaded part
contributes more to the increased carrying capacity of the loaded part
The optimum size of the middle panel is determined under the assumption of full use
of material of the girder.
Experience indicates that the length of the middle panel may be 20 to 30 percent
longer than the other panels .

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 3.DETERMINATION OF CABLE FORCES
 For the preliminary design it is possible for a cable system with five equal panels to
•  
use the emprical relation
Mmax=0.007w
 And for one with 7 panels
Mmax=0.006w
 W=total load (dead+live)(KN/m)
 L=length of the panel
 The maximum bending moment can be estimated using this empirical relations .
 The cable stay forces depend on factors such as the length of the span ,no. and size
of panels and angles of inclination of cables,dead weight of the deck and live loads
 P-force in the cable
 S-spacing of cable
 w=total load per meter of deck
 =angle of inclination of cable with horizontal
 R= vertical reaction at cable stay node =Sxw
 The force in the cable stay is computed as
P=
 The no. of wires or strands required in the cable can be designed for the designed
cable force .
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4.DETERMINATION OF APPROXIMATE
SELFWEIGHT OF GIRDERS `
 The problem of the approximate self weight of stiffening girders for the
•  preliminary design is not yet properly developed .
 Technical literature provided very little information on this subject.
 However on the basis of the analysis performed on the previous session it is
possible to estimate approximate value of the self weight of the girder using
the formulae for the maximum bending moments in the five and seven panel
bridge system.
 The maximum bending moment developed in the stiffening girder including
the effect of change of temperature may be expressed by the empirical
relation
M=
Where, L= Span length,
g=The theoretical weight of the stiffening girder per unit length of the span
p=The uniformly distributed weight of deck per unit length of span.
q=The udll carried by a single girder per unit length.
=The construction coefficient of the stiffening girder.

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•  
The section modulus of the stiffening girder may be expressed by its cross
sectional properties .If the girder consists of an I or box section assuming equal
areas of top and bottom chords it is possible to express the section modulus as
Z=+ =(h/6)+(h/6)
Assuming that the cross sectional areas of single chord and web areas are equal
we have = and therefore total area can be expressed as A=3.
Hence the sectional modulus is written as
Z=1.17h=1.17(A/3) h
A=2.5Z/h
Substituting the values of sectional modulus we have
A=
By multiplying the theoretical cross sectional area of the girder by the specific
weight of the material γ the theoretical weight of the stiffening girder per unit
length can be expressed as
g=
After transformation this becomes
g=

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•  
Assuming depth of girder as one hundredth of span the theoretical weight is
expressed as
g=
This relation has been developed without taking into consideration the axial force
acting in the stiffening girder .However in the middle panel there is no axial force
and at sections where large axial force exists the bending moment as a rule are
relatively small.
Therefore the relation developed for the weight of the girder may be used as the
first approximation assuming construction coefficient .
1.4 by empirical relation corresponds to the five panel system.
In case of seven panels the corresponding formula is given by
g=
• A comparative analysis of the self weight of the stiffening girder indicate that for
the large span it is more economical to divide the span into greater number of
panels .
• The empirical formulas may provide good estimates of the
 Weight of the girders only for spans in the range of 270 to 400 m.
 Larger spans should be divided into nine, eleven and even greater number of
panels to obtain a relatively light stiffening girder.

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5.DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT OF CABLE
•  
Using the empirical formulas developed for expressing the weight of the stiffening
girder, it is possible to determine the approximate weight of the cable. The forces
developed in the cables depend on the number of cables supporting the deck.
Reduction in the number of cables increases the load on the cables. Hence it may
be assumed that the weight of the cables depend to some extent on the number of
cables.

Referring to Fig . and using the following notations,

= Force developed in the backstay cable
= Force developed in the first cable of length
= Force developed in the second cable of length
= Weight of First Cable
= Weight of Second Cable
g = Specific weight of cable material
and are angles subtended by first and second cable with the horizontal
L = Span length of the girder.

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Fig . Determination of weight of cables

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•  
The weight of the cables for a five panel bridge is determined by using the following
empirical relations :
=

The lengths of the first and second cables are obtained as

= and =

Assuming the allowable stress as f and the specific weight of cables as ϒ, the weights
of the cables are evaluated as

= =

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•Assuming
  the height of the tower as h= (L/7) = 0.143 L
= 0.713 = 0.357
= - = -

and = 0.463
= 0.312

After distributing the weight of the four cables uniformly along the span, the
theoretical weight per unit length of the span is obtained as

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•  
The backstay cable force is
=

=+
By assuming =30the cable force is
=0.948(g+p+q)L
Then considering the length of the two back stay cable stays as equal to 0.8 L
their weight can be expressed as
=(0.8L)=
And the weight per unit length is
=
Hence the total weight of all cable stays is expressed as
=+=

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 The number of cables significantly influences the anchorage system and
consequently the reinforcement in the stiffening girder to transfer moment,
shear and axial forces.
 A relatively deep girder is required to span large distances between the stay
cable attachments.
 A large number of cable stays supporting a continuous elastic medium simplifies
the anchorage and distribution of forces to the girder and permits the use of
shallow depth girders.
 Although more stays are used the additional cost is more than offset by simpler
connection details for the smaller cables and lesser force in cable stays .
 The erection work is also simplified since the deck structure can be constructed
by cantilever method from stay connection point without any auxiallary means .

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6.DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY
The degree of static indeterminancy of the cable stayed bridge system is
determined by ,
I=C+2S-H-3
 C-total number of cables
 S-total number of stiffening girder supports
 H-number of movable connections or hinges considering even movable
supports of the cables on tower

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REFERENCES
 N.Krishna Raju, “Design of Bridges”, Fifth edition, 2017.

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THANK YOU

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