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Linear Algebra (Matrix)

This document provides an overview of topics covered in a linear algebra course, including: - Types of matrices such as column matrices, diagonal matrices, scalar matrices, and identity matrices. - Matrix operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, transposition, and finding the inverse. - Special types of matrices such as idempotent, nilpotent, involutory, and periodic matrices. - Conditions for matrices to be combinable for operations like addition and multiplication.

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118 views22 pages

Linear Algebra (Matrix)

This document provides an overview of topics covered in a linear algebra course, including: - Types of matrices such as column matrices, diagonal matrices, scalar matrices, and identity matrices. - Matrix operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, transposition, and finding the inverse. - Special types of matrices such as idempotent, nilpotent, involutory, and periodic matrices. - Conditions for matrices to be combinable for operations like addition and multiplication.

Uploaded by

asasas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR ALGEBRA

Course Code MTAT 212


• Matrix Theory
– Introduction and Application of Matrices

– Types of Matrices

– Operation on Matrices

– Special Types of Matrices

– Special Matrices in general

– Important results of Special Matrices

– Partitioning of Matrices

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 2


Linear Algebra MTAT-212 3
2 5 1 6 9

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 4


COLUMN MATRIX : - A matrix consisting only single
column is called a column matrix ( order m  1 ).

5 5
  2 3
   
20
DIAGONAL MATRIX: - A matrix having its all elements zero,
except the main diagonal, is called a diagonal matrix.

4 0  a 0 0
 0 b 0
0 7   
 
0 0 c 
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 5
SCALAR MATRIX: - A matrix having its all elements
zero,
and having the main diagonal same, is called a
scalar matrix. k 0 0 
5 0  0 k 0 
0 5   
  0 0 k 
IDENTITY MATRIX: - A scalar matrix with all its
diagonal entries equal to one is called an
IDENTITY MATRIX.
1 0 0 0 
1 0 0  0 1 0 0 
0 1 0   
  0 0 1 0 
0 0 1  
 0 0 0 1 
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 6
.
• Corollary: -
• Every Diagonal matrix is a square matrix
but every square matrix is not necessary
diagonal matrix.
• Every Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix
but every diagonal matrix is not necessary
scalar matrix.
• Identity matrix is a scalar matrix as well as
diagonal and square matrix also.
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 7
ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
• EQUAL MATRICES: - Two matrices are
equal if their order and respective
elements are same. For example if: -
2 4  6 
4 
6  2 
A= & B=  3
  12  4
 
2 2 

Then here A & B are equal.

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 8


ZERO MATRIX : - A matrix having each element equal to
zero is called a ZERO MATRIX.
For example:-
0 0 0  0 0 0 0 
0 0 0  0 0 0 0 
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0 

ADDITION OF MATRICES : - Two matrices are confirmable


for addition if they are of the same order (i.e. number of
rows and columns of both the matrices are same).
For example: -

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 9


.
1 2  2 4
• If A =   &B =  
3 4 1 3 
1  2 2  4
• then A+B =  3  1 4  3
 
= 3 6
4 7 
 
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 10
• ADDITITIVE INVERSE: - Given a matrix
A, then its additive inverse is defined as
A & by definition, A+ (A) = 0,For
example if,
 3 5   3  5
• A=   then  A =  
  2 1 2  1
 3 5  3  5
• so A+(A)=   2 1 +  2  1
   
0 0 
• = 0 0  =0
 
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 11
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 12
• MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES : -
Two matrices A and B are confirmable for
multiplication if the
No. of columns of A = No. of rows of B
In multiplication, each row of 1st matrix A
is multiplied independently by each
column of 2nd matrix B. The order of the
resulting matrix AB will be the number of
rows of 1st and number of columns of 2nd.
For example:-

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 13


 6 1
1 0  1
2 4 7   0 4
• A = & B=   then
 
5 3 0   2 3

• AB =   1  6    0  0     1  2   2 
  2 39 
 
  30 17 
 8 2 
=  2 39 
 
 30 17 

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 14


• In this above example, the columns in A =
3 and rows in B = 3. , Hence they are
multipliable. Note that here BA is not
possible because number of columns of B
is 2 and number of rows of A is 3. So BA is
not defined.
• Commutative law of multiplication AB = BA
in matrices does not hold generally, as in
above example. But sometimes it holds in
some special cases.

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 15


• TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX : - Let A be
a matrix of order m  n then its transpose
may be obtained by interchanging its rows
t
and columns. It is denoted by A . For
example if ,
1 4
1  2 3  A t  2 5 
• A=   then =  
 4 5  6   3  6

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 16


• IDEMPOTENT MATRIX: - A square
matrix A for which A  A is called an
2

IDEMPOTENT MATRIX. For example ,

 2  2  4
 1 3 4 
  is an idempotent matrix
 1  2  3

Proof left as an exercise.

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 17


• NILPOTENT MATRIX: - A square matrix
A for which A  0 is called an
p

NILPOTENT MATRIX of index ‘ p ‘. p


being a positive integer. For example,
1 1 3
5 2 6  is nilpotent of index 3.

 2  1  3

Proof left as an exercise.

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 18


• INVOLUTARY MATRIX: - A square
matrix A for which A  I is called an
2

INVOLUTARY MATRIX. For example

0 1  1
4  3 4 
  is an involutary matrix.
3  3 4 

Proof left as an exercise.

Linear Algebra MTAT-212 19


 1  2  6
 3 2  is periodic having period 2.
 9 
 2 0  3
Proof left as an exercise.
In short the number of multiplications involved are
called the period of the matrix.
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 20
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 21
• INVERSE OF A MATRIX: - A matrix B is called
inverse of a Matrix A , if
AB = I
where I is identity matrix.
• Note that only non-singular matrices possess
inverse and are called invertible.
• Singular matrices do not possess inverse. The
inverse of a matrix can be found using various
methods. Here we will discuss two methods in
later chapters,
• 1- Row operation method.
• 2- Adjoint Method.(using determinant).
Linear Algebra MTAT-212 22

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