MATH111: Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

MATH111
Derivatives of Transcendental
Functions
MATH111
Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the period, you should be
able to:
 Find the derivative of exponential functions.
 Find the derivative of logarithmic functions.
 Determine the derivative of trigonometric
functions.
 Determine the derivative of inverse
trigonometric functions.
DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
 RECALL:
 The natural exponential function is
defined by the function
 where e is constant approximately equal

to 2.7182818.
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
 In general, If u is a differentiable
function of x, then
FUNCTION
 Find the derivative of the following
functions:
FUNCTION
 RECALL:
 The exponential function with base b is
defined by the function
 where b>0 and b≠1.

FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
function of x, then
FUNCTION
functions:
DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTION
 RECALL:
 The natural logarithmic function, denoted
by lnx is given by
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
function of x, then
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
function of x, then
FUNCTION
functions:
FUNCTION
functions using logarithmic
differentiation.
MATH111
Derivatives of Trigonometric and
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION
 To determine the derivative of
trigonometric functions we need to use
the following theorems on limits of
trigonometric functions
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
 If
 then
FUNCTION
function of x, then
FUNCTION
 Example:
functions:
FUNCTION
 Example:
functions:
DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
 RECALL:
 The inverse sine function, denoted by sin-1
is given by
 Inverse Sine Function:
 If
 then
 RECALL:
 The inverse cosine function, denoted by
cos-1 is given by
 Inverse Cosine Function:
 If
 then
 RECALL:
 The inverse tangent function, denoted by
tan-1 is given by
 Inverse Tangent Function:
 If
 then
 Inverse Cotangent Function:
 If
 then
 Inverse Secant Function:
 If
 then
 Inverse Cosecant Function:
 If
 then
 In general, If u is a differentiable function of x,
then
 Example:
 Find the derivative of the following functions
MATH111
Derivatives of Hyperbolic and
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the period, you should be
able to:
 Determine the derivative of hyperbolic
functions.
 Determine the derivative of inverse
hyperbolic functions.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
 INTRODUCTION:

 Hyperbolic functions arise quite naturally from
simple combinations of the exponential function,
ex, a function that is explored thoroughly in
school mathematics.
 Indeed, the two main functions, the hyperbolic
cosine and the hyperbolic sine are just half of
the sum and difference of and , namely: .
 In mathematics, the hyperbolic functions are
analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or
circular, functions.
 The basic hyperbolic functions are the
hyperbolic sine "sinh", and the hyperbolic cosine
"cosh", from which are derived the hyperbolic
tangent "tanh", etc., in analogy to the derived
trigonometric functions.
 The inverse functions are the inverse hyperbolic
sine "arsinh" (also called "arсsinh" or "asinh")
and so on.
 Hyperbolic and circular functions
 Just as the points (cos t, sin t) define a circle,
the points (cosh t, sinh t) define the right half
of the equilateral hyperbola.
 The hyperbolic functions take real values for
real argument called a hyperbolic angle.
 In complex analysis, they are simply
rational functions of exponentials
 Differences between circular and hyperbolic
functions in their graphs (circular functions are
periodic and hyperbolic functions are not).
 We can also compare cosine and hyperbolic
cosine:
 Finally, we can compare tan(x) and tanh(x):
 We can also use
graphs to examine
the connections
between hyperbolic
and exponential
functions.
 The definition of
the hyperbolic
functions used the
exponential
function.
 This supports the
following identities.
 And of course the

definitions:
 HYPERBOLIC AND EXPONETIAL FUNCTIONS
 HYPERBOLIC AND EXPONETIAL FUNCTIONS
APPLICATION OF HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
 CATENARY:
 Cables like power line cables, which hang freely,
hang in curves called hyperbolic cosine curves.
FUNCTIONS
 In physics and geometry, a catenary[p] is the
curve that an idealized hanging chain or cable
assumes under its own weight when supported
only at its ends.
 The curve has a U-like shape, superficially
similar in appearance to a parabola, but it is not
a parabola: it is a (scaled, rotated) graph of the
hyperbolic cosine.
 The curve appears in the design of certain types
of arches and as a cross section of the catenoid
—the shape assumed by a soap film bounded by
two parallel circular rings.
FUNCTIONS
 In mathematics, the catenary is the shape of a
hanging flexible chain or cable when supported at
its ends and acted upon by a uniform gravitational
force (its own weight).
 The chain is steepest near the points of
suspension because this part of the chain has the
most weight pulling down on it. Toward the
bottom, the slope of the chain decreases because
the chain is supporting less weight.
FUNCTIONS
 In physics and geometry, a catenary is the curve
that an idealized hanging chain or cable assumes
under its own weight when supported only at its
ends.
 A hanging chain with short links forms a
catenary.
FUNCTIONS
 Freely-hanging electric power cables (especially
those used on electrified railways) can also form
a catenary.
FUNCTIONS
 In real life you use the catenary shape to know how
much cable to place between two poles in high
power transmission lines.
 Too much cable and it sags too much making it a
hazzard.
 Too little cable and it breaks due to high tension as
it stretches.
 Quite important to get it right when you have 768kV
@ 6000 Amps through the cable
FUNCTIONS
 The silk on a spider's web forming multiple
elastic catenaries.
FUNCTIONS
 Catenaries and related curves are used in
architecture and engineering, in the design of
bridges and arches, so that forces do not result
in bending moments.
 The Sheffield Winter Garden is enclosed by a
series of catenary arches.
FUNCTIONS
 The Gateway Arch (looking East) is a flattened
catenary.[The Gateway Arch in
St. Louis, Missouri, United States is sometimes
said to be an (inverted) catenary, but this is
incorrect.[17] It is close to a more general curve
called a flattened catenary, with equation y = A
cosh(B x ), which is a catenary if A B = 1 .
FUNCTIONS
 Cross-section of the roof the Keleti
Railway Station (Budapest, Hungary).
FUNCTIONS
 Catenary bridges.
 In free-hanging chains, the force exerted is
uniform with respect to length of the chain, and
so the chain follows the catenary curve.
 The same is true of a simple suspension bridge
or "catenary bridge," where the roadway follows
the cable.
FUNCTIONS
 Catenary bridges.
 Stressed ribbon bridges, like this one in
Maldonado, Uruguay, also follow a catenary
curve, with cables embedded in a rigid deck.
FUNCTIONS
 Catenaries for different values of a
FUNCTIONS
 Then MIT Got Involved
 A group led by Ochsendorf studies buildings and
sustainable structures based on the history of
still standing designs.
Dr. John Ochsendorf

FUNCTIONS
 Catenaries
 This is the basis for understanding both
suspension bridges and masonry buildings and
structures.
This is a 500 year old
Inca bridge
Made completely of
grass strung Into cord.
When the Spanish came
To South and Central
America they
Realized that there was
no equivalent
To this type of
One of Ochsendorf’s groups endeavors. structure in Europe.
FUNCTIONS
 King’s College Chapel
 an image of the magnificent fan-vaulting on the
ceiling of King's College Chapel (completed in
1515), which spans 42 feet and hovers 84 feet
above the pavement, yet its constituent blocks
are only four inches thick.
 It's been standing for 500 years.".
FUNCTIONS
 Gateway Arch
 The stainless steel-plated arch is in the shape of
an inverted, weighted catenary curve. It spans
630 feet at ground level from outer edge to outer
edge and is 630 feet high, making it the tallest
man-made monument in the US. Designed by Eero
Saarinen
FUNCTIONS
 Anchoring of marine objects
 The catenary produced by gravity provides an
advantage to heavy anchor rodes. An anchor
rode (or anchor line) usually consists of chain or
cable or both. Anchor rodes are used by ships,
oilrigs, docks, floating wind turbines, and other
marine equipment which must be anchored to the
seabed.
FUNCTIONS
 FREELY FALLING BODIES:
 If air resistance is proportional to the square of
velocity:
y is the distance the

object falls in t seconds.
A and B are constants.
FUNCTIONS
 THE TRACTRIX (PURSUIT CURVE):
 The word tractrix comes from the Latin tractus,
which means “to draw, pull or tow”. (Our familiar
word “tractor” comes from the same root.)
 An example of a real-life situation that can be
modeled by a tractrix equation is a semi-truck
turning a corner.
 Another example is a boat attached to a rope
being pulled by a person walking along the shore.
 Other examples of a tractrix curve include a
heat-seeking missile homing in on a moving
airplane, and a dog leaving the front porch and
chasing person running on the sidewalk.
FUNCTIONS
 THE TRACTRIX:
a
Both of these situations (and
others) can be modeled by:
semi-truck
boat
FUNCTIONS
 PENDULUM:
 If a pendulum oscillates near its stable
equilibrium, the equation of motion is x ′′ =−ω 2 x
, and the solution is any linear combination of
sinωt and cosωt .
 If the pendulum has a stiff arm (rather than a
string), then there is a second, unstable
equilibrium, where it's straight up.
 This is like balancing a pencil on its tip.
 The equation of motion is x ′′ =ω 2 x , and the
solution is any linear combination of sinhωt and
coshωt .
 DEFINITIONS:
 IDENTITIES:
DERIVATIVE OF HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
 DERIVATIVES:
FUNCTIONS
 DERIVATIVES:
FUNCTIONS
 DERIVATIVES:
FUNCTIONS
 DERIVATIVES:
REFERENCES
 Slide Rules with Hyperbolic Function Scales By

William K. Robinson
 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MercatorProjecti
on.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function
PREPARATION FOR THE COURSE

MATH111: Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

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MATH111

 where e is constant approximately equal

 where b>0 and b≠1.

 And of course the

Dr. John Ochsendorf

y is the distance the

 Slide Rules with Hyperbolic Function Scales By

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