EARTH

SCIENCE
1. Ways of conserving and
protecting the soil for future
generations.
Define SOIL
 Soil is a resource
that you can’t live
without.
Soil is especially vulnerable to erosion
if it is bare or exposed. Plants
therefore serve a tremendous role in
preventing soil erosion. If the soil is
covered with plants, erosion is slowed
down. But when soil is bare, the rate of
erosion speeds up tremendousl y.
Activities that affect soil
resources
1. Agricultural Depletion - Farming
can degrade the topsoil and lead to
an increase in erosion.
 Farming
•Farmers often add nutrients to their soils in
the form or organic or artificial
fertilizers to make crops grow better.
•The three primary macronutrients are
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium
(K); all are required in relatively large
quantities by plants.
•Alluvial soil is rich and fertile soil formed by
the depositional action of the rivers.
•Overtime farming practices can lead to the
loss of soil.
2. Overgrazing Animals
- Grazing animals are
animals that live on
large areas of
grassland.
3.Deforestation -
Deforestation is another
practice that can greatly
increase the
rate of erosion in a region.
4. Mining operations are major
contributors to erosion,
especially on a local level. Many
mining techniques involve
shifting large amounts of earth,
such as strip mining or
mountaintop removal
 5. Development and Expansion -
Urban and suburban development
can also
exacerbate erosion, especially if the
developers ignore the natural state
of the land.
 6. Recreational activities, like
driving vehicles off-road or
hiking - Humans also
cause erosion through
recreational activities, like hiking
and riding off-road vehicles.
Soil quality
 Soil Quality is the capacity of a soil to
function for specific land uses or within
ecosystem boundaries. This capacity is an
inherent characteristic of a soil and varies
from soil to soil. Such indicators as
organic-matter content, salinity, tilt,
compaction, available nutrients, and
rooting depth help measure the health or
condition of the soil-its quality-in any given
place.
How does soil quality benefit
us?
 High-quality soils ensure that the
primary agricultural lands are
sustained for future generations.
Soils of high quality are essential for
the production of a bountiful supply
of safe food and fiber. Healthy food
translates to a healthy people and a
healthy nation
High-quality soils support:
 • clean water by transforming
harmful substances and chemicals
to nontoxic forms, cycling nutrients,
and partitioning rainfall to keep
sediments and chemicals out of
lakes and streams;
 • cleanand healthy air
by keeping dust
particles out of the air
and cycling other gases;
 • healthyplant growth by
storing nutrients and water
and providing structural
support through a receptive
rooting medium; and
storage of greenhouse
gases such as carbon
dioxide in the form of
organic
matter in the soil.
The primary benefit of enhanced soil quality
is the protection of a finite resource.
Maintenance and enhancement of soil
quality maintains maximum efficiency in
crop productivity over time by enhancing
nutrient cycling and encouraging site-
specific application of nutrients and
pesticides. It protects water and air quality
and preserves the beneficial functions of the
soil in specific ecosystems.
How soil can be conserved
and protected for future
generations?
 1. Plant trees -We all know that
roots of trees firmly hold on to the
soil. As trees
grow tall, they also keep rooting
deeper into the soil.
2. Build Terraces - Terracing
is a very good method of soil
conservation. A terrace is a
leveled section of a hilly
cultivated area.
 3. No-till farming - The
process of preparing soil for
plowing is known as tilling.
Notill farming is a way of
growing crops without
disturbing it through tillage.
 4. Contour plowing - This
practice of farming on slopes
considers the slope
gradient and the elevation of
soil along the slope.
 5. Crop rotation - Some pathogens
tend to build up in soil if the same
crops are
cultivated again and again.
Continuous cultivation of the same
crop also leads to
imbalance in the fertility demands of
the soil.
 6. Maintain soil pH - The
contamination of soil by addition of
acidic or basic
pollutants and due to acid rains has
an adverse effect on the soil pH. Soil
pH is an indicator of the level of
nutrients in soil.
7. Water soil - We water plants, we
water the crops, but do we water
the soil? We seldom do. Watering
soil is a good measure of soil
conservation. Watering the soil
along with plants growing in it is a
way to prevent soil erosion caused
by wind.
 8. Salinity Management - The
salinity of soil increases due to
excessive accumulation of salts in
the soil. This has a negative effect
on the metabolism of
crops.
9. Promote helpful soil organism -
Nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying
bacteria are
major constituents of the nitrogen
cycle. They live in soil. Bacteria
and fungi help keep the soil
healthy
 10. Grow indigenous crops -
Planting native crops is beneficial
for soil conservation. If non-native
plants are grown, fields should be
bordered by indigenous crops to
prevent soil erosion, thus achieving
soil conservation.
 TOPICS

2.DESCRIBE HOW PEOPLE GENERATE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE (SOLID, LIQUID,
GASEOUS)AS THEY MAKE USE OF VARIOUS
MATERIALS AND RESOURCES IN EVERYDAY
LIFE.
Solid wastes
Solid waste - wastes in solid forms, domestic,
commercial and industrial wastes Examples:
plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans,
papers, scrap iron, and other trash
 KINDS OF SOLID WASTES
Domestic Wastes - wastes generated by household activities
•means any no putrescible waste, consisting of combustible
materials, such as paper, cardboard, yard clippings, wood, or
similar materials, generated in a dwelling, including the real
property upon which it is situated, containing four living units
or less.
Commercial Wastes - wastes that are generated by commercial
establishments

•waste from premises that are used either wholly or predominantly

for trade, business, sport, recreation or entertainment including
waste produced by a business in the home.

example: usually consists of a mixture of heavy loads of timber,

concrete, bricks, tile, rubble, metal, plastics, plasterboard,
cardboard, and paper.
nstitutional Wastes - wastes generated by institutions
I

•produced from institutions such as schools, hospitals, or prisons. These include

waste not typically found in households but also hazardous wastes in some
circumstances. These wastes include liquid, sludge, solid, and hazardous waste,
but not domestic

The types of industrial waste generated include cafeteria garbage, dirt and
gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metals, trash, oil, solvents, chemicals, weed
grass and trees, wood and scrap lumber, and similar wastes.
Municipal Wastes - wastes generated due to municipal activities

•more commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday

items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging,
grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps,
newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from our
homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.
Construction and Demolition Wastes - wastes generated from
construction sites

•The construction sector produces high quantities of wastes,

over80% being solid waste which is dumped. Some of these wastes
may have particular health, safety and environmental concern, such
as, asbestos materials with lead-based paint coating and lighting
waste.
Industrial Wastes

•discarded solid materials of industrial operations

•include dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil,
solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, even vegetable matter from
restaurants. Industrial waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous.
What is Solid Waste Management?
•Refers to garbage or trash management
•A system for handling all of the world’s trash be it municipal
waste collection, recycling programs, dumps and incinerator.
Why do we have to manage our wastes?
•Foremost mounting problem to most countries
•Hazardous to human health
•Causes depletion for land (landfills)
•Can cause land pollution
Waste Management Laws in the Philippines

•Republic Act 7924

•Mandates MMDA to formulate and implement policies, standards,

programs and projects for proper and sanitary waste disposal
management in the cities and municipalities in Metro Manila.
Local Government Code of 1991

•LGUs are responsible for collecting solid wastes in their perspective

area of jurisdiction.

•Republic Act 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)

•Defines and sets parameters of Solid Waste Management

•Penalty is not less than 300 Php but not more than 1,000 Php or
community service of not more than 15 days.
•Segregation at source
•Separate collection of waste materials
•Strict implementation of materials recovery system
including recycling
•Prohibiting open burning
 How to Reduce Waste at Home?

•Get to know the rules of recycling

•Ditch the plastic bags
•Make a meal plan
•Start relying on the usable containers
•Start composting
•Learn to repair rather than discard
•Stop using disposable plates
•And at the very least, stop buying plastic water bottles,
please.
 How to Reduce Waste in School?
• No waste lunches
•Set up a compost
•Use less paper
•Make recycled paper
•Use Reusable Item
•Don't toss it, donate it
 How to Reduce Waste around the
Community?
•Reduce the amount of waste created, especially toxic products and
products that cannot be recycled

•Separate wastes where they are made to make them easier and safer to
handle

•Recycle materials and organize for government and industry to

develop community recycling programs.
•Collect, transport, and store wastes safely. Respect and pay fair
wages to the people who do this work.

•Safely dispose of all wastes that cannot be reused or recycled

•And at the very least, stop buying plastic water bottles, please.
ASSESSMENT
1. The three primary soil macronutrients are
a. carbon, oxygen, water.
b. potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen.
c. copper, cadmium, carbon.
d. boron, zinc, manganese.
2. The process of changing one steep field into a series of
smaller, flatter fields is

called— (like steps)

a. contour plowing

b. cover crops

c. no-till farming

d. terracing
3. Which is the main causative factor for
desertification?
a. Irrigated agriculture
b. Overgrazing
c. Tourism
d. Developmental activities
4. Land which is suitable for crop production?
a. Community land
b. Private land
c. Fallow land
d. Arable land
5. This is rich and fertile soil formed by the depositional
action of the rivers.
a. Alluvial soil
b. Laterite soil
c. Arid Soil
d. Peaty soil
6. Which material has the greatest percentage of the
weight of solid waste?
a. food waste
b. plastic
c. paper
d. yard waste
7. This law Mandates MMDA to formulate and implement policies,
standards, programs and projects for proper and sanitary waste disposal
management in the cities and municipalities in Metro Manila.

a. Republic Act 7924

b. Republic Act 7934

c. Republic Act 8924

d. Republic Act 8934

8.Why burning waste is not an acceptable practice of solid
waste management?
a. Because it is very costly
b. Because it requires lot of space
c. Because it requires modern technologies
d. Because it causes several environmental issues
9. What is the very least thing that you can do to reduce
solid waste?
a. By reusing
b. By means of recycling
c. By means of composting
d. By stop buying plastic water bottles
10. What does the three R’s of recycling stand for?
a. Recycle Reduce Replace
b. Recycle Reuse Reduce
c. Reduce Replace Rethink
d. Replace Rethink Reuse
THANK YOU