GOOD DAY! Welcome To Week 2 Topics:: Your Instrucor: Meteorologist Engr - Danilo M.Madiam

GOOD DAY!
Welcome to Week 2
topics:
YOUR INSTRUCOR: METEOROLOGIST
ENGR.DANILO M.MADIAM
FORMERLY:DOST-PAGASA –Infrastructure Committee
Chairman; Weather Specialist II /Chief Meteorological
Officer-Central Agromet Weather Stn; and Principal Port
Meteorological Officer (PMO)-Port Area Meteorological
Office,PAGASA,DOST(Ret)
{with 21 academics units:PhD in Maritime
Edu;Degree in MBA major Gen.Mngt. Licensed Civil
Engineer/Meteorologist P.D .997-DOST,PAGASA}
Certificates of training in I.M.O 6.09 and I.M.O 3.12
Slide-70
PAST-111:Prelim Topics(wk1-5)
Week 1Topic 1:Angles and Measurements;
Week 2 Topic 2:Angles and their Measurements and
Triangles;
Week3Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions of Acute
Angle;
Week4Topic 4:Trigonometric Functions
The Right Triangle;
Week5Topic 5:Practical Application of Right Triangle.
Week6Prelim examinations.
PAST 111-WEEK 2 :Topic2:
Angles & theirs Measurements & Triangles.
Learning Outcomes:
LO2: Define degree as 1/360 of a revolution and a
minute as 1/60 of a degree.
Explain and site calculations of angle measure in
degrees-minute-seconds and radians.
LO3: Discuss and explain the applications of angle
measures.
LO3.1 Length of an Arc
LO3.2 Applies positive and negative values as possible
appropriate to the sines, cosines and tangents of angles
between 00 and 3600
Angles & theirs Measurements & Triangles
A-Let us now 1st discuss the LO#2:
LO2:  Define degree as 1/360 of a revolution and

a minute as 1/60 of a degree.
 LO2.1-Explain and site calculations of angle

measure in degrees-minute-seconds and radians
 Units of Angular Measure:
 The two systems most commonly used
 to express the  measure of an angle are
1. the sexagesimal system and
2. the radian system.

 1 In “elementary mathematics”:
the Sexagesimal System is usually used.!
The SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEMS:
 The fundamental Unit of this system is
 the Degree - its symbol used is  ( ° ) …”the
color green”.
Definition of a Degree:
A degree (°)  is defined as:
 the measure of a central angle
 that subtends an arc equal to 1/360
 of the circumference of a circle.
Hence:  For Greater Accuracy of Measurement,

one degree ( 1°) is divided into
 60 minutes ,or  (60‘), and
 one minute ,or (1”)-
 into 60 seconds 0r (60‘’).
The Relationships of these units are summarized
below.
 1 ° = 60’ 1’ = 60’’
2] The Radian System of Measurements:
 Radian  is usually used in higher

mathematics.
DEFINITION:
A radian  is defined
 as the measure of the central angle of a circle 
which subtends on the circumference an arc
length equal to the length of its radius.
An angle of one radian, usually written as 1 rad or 1
( r ), is illustrated in Fig. 2.6. when the unit of
measurement is omitted ,it is understood that the unit
is radians.
Fig,2.6:
From the definition of the radians,
it is clear the measure of a central angle in radians
 is equal to the quotient of the subtended arc length
divided by the radius of the circle. That is:
Or:
 angle in radian = [arc length ] divided by ( / )

 [ radius of a circle.]
If ray OR ( fig. 2.7) makes one rotation about O,
  point P on the ray generates a circle whose
circumference is equal to 2π times the radius OP.
 Thus,  angle in radians = 2π (OP) / OP = 2π,
Therefore:,
 the circumference is subtended by a central angle
of 2π radians.
 But the same angle has a measure of 360°…
 Hence:---next slidesssss…
Hence 2π rad = 360°
 π rad = 180°
 1 rad = 180/π = 57.2958° and,
 1° = π / 180° = 0.01745 radians.
Notes:
These “RELATIONS” are very useful in changing
degrees to radians or, radians to degrees.
Examples----next slides---
Fig. 2.7:
Sample problems 1:
Change 60° to radians?
- Solution: 60° x π/180 = π/3 rad.
E.g. 2: Change 5π/4 radians-- degrees:
Solution: 5π/4 = 5 ( 180°)/4 = 225°
E.g.3: Change 3.4 radians to degrees , minutes ands
seconds.
Solutions: since 1 rad=57.2958°, then
 3.4 x 57.2958° = 194.8057°
but, 1 °= 60 minutes (‘), therefore,
 0.8057° = .8057° x 60’/° = 48.342’
 similarly, reduced it further in seconds, i.e:
 .342’ = .342’ x 60”/’ = 20.5” can be rounded as 21”.
Hence 3.4 rad = 194° 48’ 21” answers.
Example :
Change 35° 42’ 54” to radians, correct to four decimal
places. (ans. 0.6232rad)
Sample problem 2: Convert to radian measure:
89°19’ ==> 19’ x 60”/’=1,140”, but 1°=3600”, thus:
 1,140”/3600”/° = 0.3166°, so that 89.3166°,
then finally-- 89.3166° x 0.01745radians/°= 1.558
radians ,or 1.6 radians…..answer
Sample Prob.3: Convert to degree;
7π/4 radians-- degrees;
 = 7π [(180°)/π]4 =( 7 )(180°) / 4 = 315°
 Sample problems:
 change 35°42’ 54” to radianscorrect to 4 decimal places.
Solution: First change minutes and seconds into degrees.
 then convert to radians, thus:
42’ 54” = [42’ x 60” ]+ [54” ] = 2574”
Since 1°=3600seconds, then : 2574”
/3600”/degree=0.7150degree, or 0.7150°, then;
35° 42’54”=35.7150°, but 1°= 0.01745radians, therefore:
 35.7150degree x 0.01745 radians/degree=0.6232radians
 thus answer is = 0.6232 radians
 LO3: Discuss and explain the applications of angle
measures.
Applications of Angle Measure:
 To find the angle measure of the following:
 Solve for the angle θ, when given values, are:
1) sin θ = 0.6523 and 2). cos θ = 0.8321
3) tan θ = 1.3825 and 4) cot θ = 3.7258
Solutions:
1. 1/sin [ sin θ =0.6523 ]1/sin;
 θ = [0.6523(1/sin) ] = arc sin 0.6523= sin¯¹ 0.6523;
 θ =40.7152373141 or, 40°42’55”
2. cos θ = 0.8321
 θ = cos¯¹0.8321 = 33.6849330117 , or
 θ = 33° 41’ 6” answer..
3. ) tan θ = 1.3825
 θ = arc tan 1.3825 = tan¯¹ 1.3825 = 54.1207571378
 θ = 54°7’ 15”….answer
4. cot θ = 3.7258 - θ = arc cot 3.7258 = cot¯¹
3.7250=
 θ = 1/tan (3.7258) = 15.3564326979
 θ = 15°21’ 24”….answer
FINDING THE FUNCTION VALUE OF A GIVEN ANGLE
MEASURE. BY CALCULATOR]
Given a measure of an angle in degrees, suppose we are
interested to find its function value.
For instance ,  suppose: angle A= 14°36’12.14”
Find : a) sin (14°36’12.14”) e) sec(14°36’12.14”)

 b) cos (14°36’12.14”) f) csc (14°36’12.14”)
 c) tan (14°36’12.14”)
 d) cot (14°36’12.14”)
 Solution: : by scientific calculator:
a ) sinA: [14][°’”][36][°’”][12.14][°’”][sin]  0.252126313 ans.

b) cosA: [14][°’”][36][°’”][12.14][°’”][cos] 0.967694332ans.
c) tanA: [14][°’”][36][°’”][12.14][°’”][tan] 0.26054334ans.
d) cotA: [14] °’”][36][°’”][12.14][°’”][tan][x¯¹] 3.838133034ans.
e) secA: [14][°’”][36][°’”][12.14][°’”][cos][x¯¹] 1.033384165ans
f) cscA: [14][°’”][36][°’”][12.14][°’”][sin][x¯¹] 3.66265898 ans.
 L.O.3.1 Length of an Arc
LENGTH OF A CIRCULAR ARC
The Equation : eq. 2.1 :
-- angle in radians = arc length / radius of circle. Can
be written as:
 arc length =[ radius of circle ] x [angle in radians]
if : s, is the length of the arc;
r, the radius of the circle; and,
θ, is the central angle in radians, then
s = rθ …….is the equation ----- eq.2.2
There are three (3) variables in this formula.
 If any of them are known
the value of the 3rd can be computed easily.
Example 1:
find the length of the arc,
subtended by a central angle of 135°,
if the radius of the circle is 20 cm.
Solution: We are given that θ=135°, and r= 20cm
Before we solve for s,
let us first express the angle in radians.
Thus θ=135°xπ/180° = 3π/4 radians.

Then by formula (eq.2.2):
 s = rθ = substitute known values in the equation, thus;
----------= ( 20cm)(3π/4radians)
 solving for , s
- s = 47,12 cm…..answer

Example 2:
Problem: A central angle of 75° subtends on arc
of 30 cm.
Find:  what is the radius of the circle?
Solution: given values are s = 30 cm,
 then we have to convert the angle θ=75°
 radians, hence;
Θ= [ 75° x π/180° ] x ( 1/15) = 5π/12 rad.
Then by formula (eq.2.2):
- s =rθ, solving for r ,
 r = s/θ…….substitute values,
- s=30cm, θ=5π/12
 thus- radius ,r = 30cm/5π/12
- or ,[ (30)(12)]/5π
 with constant π=3.1415;
 r = (30)(12)/ [ (5)(3.14)]=
 r = 22.9 cm….answer
THE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF AN ANGLE
 The whole subjects of trigonometry is based
 on the six circular functions of an angle.
These are:
 sine,cosine,tangent, {called primary
functions};
 cotangent,secant and cosecant. {also called
as: secondary functions!}
They are abbreviated respectively as:
 sin, cos,tan,
cot,sec, and csc
The role of the circle----- in
 the definition of these functions
 as well as the study of their various properties
is one justification for the name
“circular functions”.
 Let us consider any angle θ
 in standard positions,
 as shown in one of the figures of fig.2.8.
We define the circular functions of θ in any quadrant in
terms of x, y and r as follows: as equation 2.3
sin θ = y / r cot θ = x/y
cos θ = x / r sec θ = r / x
tan θ = y / x csc θ = r / y
 Each angle has been generated by
 the rotation of ray OP.
 The terminal side of θ intersects
 the circle of radius r at P(x,y).

 The distance of P from the origin
 called the radius vector of P,
 and it is always positive for all angles.
 The length of r is equals to
 the radius of the circle
 whose equations is
 x² + y² = r².
The circular functions of θ are entirely independent of the
distance of P from the origin.
To prove this statement, we consider two concentric circles in
fig 2.9) of radius r₁ and r₂.
 The terminal side of θ intersects the circles at P₁(x₁, y₁) and P₂
(x₂, y₂),respectfully.
From these points we draw perpendiculars P₁M₁ and P₂M₂ to
the x-axis, forming two similar triangles.
We know from elementary geometry that the ratios of the
corresponding sides of similar triangles are equal: i.e.
y₁ / r₁ = y₂ /r₂ and x₁ / r₁ = x₂ / r₂
Fig, 2.9
But, by definitions ( 2.3)
 sin θ = y₁ / r₁ = y₂/r₂
 and - cos θ = x₁ / r₁ = x₂ / r₂ ,
The other ratios of the corresponding sides of
triangles OM₁P₁ and OM₂P₂ define the other functions
of θ. Therefore, the circular functions of θ do not depend
on the length of the radius vector r, they depend only on
the size of angle θ.
The circular functions are properly called functions
because the value of each depends solely on the angle.
Furthermore,
 to each angle there corresponds one and only one
number ( except for the quadrantal angles which
sometimes have none).
For example:
 the sine function assigns to each angle θ
 a unique number called sin θ.
 Thus, the sine function gives rise to a set of ordered
pairs ( θ, sin θ).
The Algebraic Signs of the circular functions:
 The circular functions of an angle

 are either positive or negative
 depending on the quadrant
 where the terminal side falls.
 The radius vector r
 is always positive.
The domain of the circular functions
 is the set of all angles θ,
 the range is the set of all real numbers.
Example:
 Find all the circular functions of θ in the
 standard position if its terminal side
 passes through (3, -4).
Solution:
Since the terminal side of θ passes through the point (3,-4),
then x= 3 and y = -4.
We can find r  using the equation of the circle x² + y² = r².
Thus: r² = (3)² + ( -4)², simplifying for r, we have:
 r = √ [( 9) + (16)] = √25 = 5
 thus, r = 5
Hence , by the definition of the circular functions:
 sin θ = -4/5 tan θ = -4/3 sec θ = 5/3
 cos θ = 3/5 cot θ = 3/-4 csc θ = 5 /-4

Therefore,
 the signs of the functions
 depend on the signs of x and y.
 In the first quadrant,
 both x and y -- are positive ( + ),
 hence, all Six (6) Functions are positive (+):.
Table I: the algebraic signs of Circular Functions of
angles.-----next slide please
Table I: Algebraic Signs of
Circular Functions of Angles.
Quadran Sinθ Cos θ tan θ cotθ sec θ csc θ
t
I + + + + + +
II + - - - - +
III - - + + - -
IV - + - - + -
Two systems for measuring angles
1-System of degree measure.
 2-Mathematical system called radian measure,

Measure of an Angle in Sexagecimal System
(Degree, Minute, Second)
The following equations show the relationships of
degree, minute and second with each other.
Notation: 1° = 1 degree
 1’ = 1 minute
 1” = 1 second
1 minute = 60 seconds (60'')
1 degree = 60 minutes (60')
One complete revolution = 360∘
A  revolution
 is the measure of an angle formed when
 the initial side rotates all the way around its
vertex until
 it reaches its -- initial position.
Example 1: Convert 68°25’17” to radians.
Solution: 68°25’17” = 68 + 25/60 + 17/(60)(60)
 = 68.42138889 Degrees
Therefore: (68°25’17”)(π/180)= (68.42138889)[π/180]
 = 1.94178515 radians. Ans.
Example2: convert 0.234 radians into degrees , minutes ,
and seconds.
Solution: (0.234)( 180/π) = 13.40721241 degrees.
 using your scientific calculator-- 13°24’25.96” Ans.
The use of Calculator:
1. convert 68°25’17” to radians.
[68][°’”][25][°’”][17] [°’”][=][[x][π][=][/][180][=]1.194178515
2.convert 0.234 radians to degrees,minutes,seconds:

 [0.234][x][180][=][/][π][=][SHIFT][[°’”]13°24’25.96” Ans.
LO3.1 Length of an Arc
From the :Radian Measure
One radian (1 rad)
>is the measure of the central angle
>(an angle whose vertex is the center of a circle)
> that intercepts an arc
- whose length is equal
 to the radius of the circle.
Imagine a circle with a radius of 1 unit.
Next, imagine an arc of the circle

having a length of 1 unit.
The angle subtended by this arc at the center

 of the circle has a measure of
1 radian.
Here is how it looks—”Length of an Arc”L.O.3.1”:
The Circumference of a Circle = 2πr
where r  is the radius of the circle.
Hence,
 for a circle with a radius of 1 unit,
 the circumference is 2π.
Hence,
>One(1) complete Revolution
-> of the initial side subtends
 an angle of 2π radian at the center.
The Degree and Radian measure
“Formulas to remember:
  Relationships of a ° and a
radian”
 1° equals ( = ) π/180 radians
 1 radian equals( = ) 180 / π degrees
Relation between Degree and Radian Measures360°
– according to degree measure
2π radian – according to radian measure
Hence, 2π radian = 360°; ⇒ π radian = 180°.
And , 2πradians = 360∘
πradians = 180∘
1 radian = 180∘/ π = 57.296⁰
…………………1 radian =57.296⁰
Also 1⁰ = π / 180 radians = 0.0175 radians
…..>>> 1⁰ =0.0175 rad
 The Common angles, in Degrees/Radians

Angle Degrees radian
360 degree angle 3600 2π
270 degree angle 2700 3 π/2
180 degree angle 1800
90 degree angle 90° π/2
LO3: Discuss and explain the applications of angle measures.
 Finding Angle Measures– IN A TRIANGLE
 The sum of the angles of a triangle=

= is 1800. This information can help you find a “missing angle
problems”:
EX: fIGURE>>
Find: missing angle x
Solution: 55 + 90 + x = 180,
Missing angle,X =180-[55+90]=180-[145]=180-145=35⁰
Therefore,missing angle, X = 35⁰
EX 2: Find the missing angle,X
71 + 38 + x = 180;
X=180-[71+38];
X=180-[109];
X=180-109;
X=71⁰…two bases
equal; therefore,it’s
a Isosceles triangle.
 The Different Types / Kinds of Triangles:
1-Acute Triangle—it has three angles that each
measure less than 90 degrees.orall its 3 interior
angles are acute.
2-Equilateral Triangle--is a triangle in which all three
sides are the same length.; or -3 sides are all equal
in length.
3“Oblique triangleif no pair of interior angles
are congruent.
4-Isosceles Triangle-- is a triangle in which exactly
two sides are the same length; or only 2 sides are
equal.
5-Obtuse Triangle-- is a triangle with one angle that
is greater than 90 degrees.triangle contains one
obtuse angle.
6-Right Triangle-- is a triangle with one 90 degree
angle. (Perpendicular with horizontal); or one of
its interior angle is a right angle.
Different Types or Kinds of triangle
7-Scalene Triangle-- is a triangle in which
 all three sides are different lengths.;
 angles have different measures,
two legs are not congruent.
  or no pair of sides are equal.
8. Equiangular trianglethe 3 interior angles are

congruent.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF Triangles by Sides and Angles
there are seven (7) types of Triangles
that could be Constructed, - They are:
 1-Equilateral triangle;
 2-Right Isosceles triangle;
 3-Obtuse isosceles triangle;
 4-Acute isosceles triangle;
 5-Right Scalene triangle;
 6-Obtuse Scalene triangle, and
 7-Acute Scalene triangle.
LO3.2 Applies positive(+) and negative(-)

 values as possible appropriate to the
 sines, cosines and tangents

of angles between 00 and 3600
Find All Possible Angles Between 0° to 360°
degrees for given Trigonometric Ratio:
EXAMPLES:Determine Angle(s) 0⁰≤ϴ ≤ 360⁰
Example: 1. Sin ϴ = ̶ √3/2
Example 2: Cos ϴ=̶ ̶ √2/2
Note:For applicable solutions of this Problem,Table 1 and 2

is a must to memorize…pages 20,26* New plane
Trigonometry by L.Pagaduan)
Solution no.1
1) 1. Sin ϴ = ̶ √3/2 ;
 -- The equation is a special triangle,
 where, negative sine angles are
  in Quadrant III, IV;
  or in the coordinate system, as
30°
,x₁=-1, x₂=1, 2
y₁ - =, Y₂= √3, 60°
√3
 and
 hypotenuse=2;

 HENCE :THE FIGURE IS
  it is a - Right Triangle
 ( 60⁰x_30⁰),
  with base as  Δ 60⁰;
  next, - is to locate the position of

 the principal angles ϴ₁ and ϴ₂;
 with angle 60⁰ at Quadrant III and IV;
  Starting from quadrant I to Quadrant III,
  ϴ₁=180 + 60⁰ = 240⁰;and
  ϴ₂=360⁰ - 60⁰=300⁰,
 Therefore ,
 - 300⁰ is the possible angle,from ( 0⁰≤ϴ ≤ 360⁰)
Example 2: Cos ϴ=̶ ̶ √2/2
Solution:
The Cosines of angle is negative (- )[Table 1]

and located Quadrant II,III, [table 2],
and angle 45⁰ of the triangle.
.with x₁=x₂=-√2 ;
y₁=√2;y₂=-√2;
hypotenuse=2;
Next, angle ϴ₁ :
- is located drawn at quadrant II,
ϴ₂:--- at quadrant III, thus :
ϴ₁=180 - 45⁰= 135⁰;
 ϴ₂=180 + 45⁰= 225⁰;
Therefore, the possible angles,from
( 0⁰≤ϴ ≤ 360⁰),is--- 135⁰ and 225⁰,
answers………………………………..d’end……
END OF TOPICS
Activities:
1- Synchronus;
Quiz 2 in canvas—20 points,10 items,10 minutes,take 1
only..
2- Asynchronus– GC work sheets

Grp 1—Grp2---Grp3---Grp 4
Choose a topic to discuss…!
OUR GC..”Mdeck C Past”,
for MT1y1-1,2,5.10,12,13
No private messages to be entertained!
Must be transparent to all!
 _
THANK YOU…..!

GOOD DAY! Welcome To Week 2 Topics:: Your Instrucor: Meteorologist Engr - Danilo M.Madiam

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GOOD DAY!

LO2:  Define degree as 1/360 of a revolution and

 LO2.1-Explain and site calculations of angle

2. the radian system.

 Radian  is usually used in higher

 angle in radian = [arc length ] divided by ( / )

Find : a) sin (14°36’12.14”) e) sec(14°36’12.14”)

a ) sinA: [14][°’”][36][°’”][12.14][°’”][sin]  0.252126313 ans.

Thus θ=135°xπ/180° = 3π/4 radians.

 the rotation of ray OP.

 The terminal side of θ intersects

 the circle of radius r at P(x,y).

 The circular functions of an angle

1-System of degree measure.

 2-Mathematical system called radian measure,

2.convert 0.234 radians to degrees,minutes,seconds:

Next, imagine an arc of the circle

The angle subtended by this arc at the center

 The Common angles, in Degrees/Radians

 The sum of the angles of a triangle=

8. Equiangular trianglethe 3 interior angles are

LO3.2 Applies positive(+) and negative(-)

 sines, cosines and tangents

Example 2: Cos ϴ=̶ ̶ √2/2

Note:For applicable solutions of this Problem,Table 1 and 2

  next, - is to locate the position of

  Starting from quadrant I to Quadrant III,

  ϴ₁=180 + 60⁰ = 240⁰;and

The Cosines of angle is negative (- )[Table 1]

2- Asynchronus– GC work sheets

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