Calculus 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Applications of Indefinite Integration

An equation that involves derivatives or differentiation is called

differential equation. The functions F(x) and f(x) are related by the 𝑑𝐹
  ( 𝑥 ) =𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
equation
If y = F(x), then 𝑑𝑦=𝑑𝐹
  ( 𝑥 )=𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
=𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
or 𝑑𝑦=𝑓
  ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Which is the simplest type of differential equation where f(x) is a
known function and y is the unknown function of x. Integrating
both sides
∫ 𝑑𝑦=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
 

 𝑦+ 𝐶 1= 𝐹 ( 𝑥 )+𝐶 2
or
 𝑦=𝐹 ( 𝑥 ) +𝐶 2 −𝐶 1
  if , then  𝒚=𝑭 ( 𝒙 ) +𝑪
Any form of this equation represent the equation of family of curves having a common property, like the same point (x, y).
Through a specific point P­0(x0, y0), there passes just one member of the family. The value of C for the member passing
through P0 can thus be obtained by substituting the coordinates of P0 in the equation of the family.
Applications of Indefinite Integration
Examples:
 1. Find the equation of the family of curve whose slope at any point (x, y) is given and which passes through the
specific point.
Show Solution a) Slope is 4x: through (0, –2).
Show Solution b) Slope is 3x2 + 4: through (1, 3)
c) Slope is : through (1, 4)
Show Solution
d) Slope is equal to the reciprocal of the product of the coordinates of the point: through (1, 2)
Show Solution

2. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 96 ft/sec. Find the maximum height
attained by the body. Show Solution

 3. Consider a rocket whose velocity in meters per second at time t seconds after launch is where If at time t = 4
seconds the rocket is at a position x = 200 m away from the launch position. Calculate its position at time t s.
Show Solution
Applications of Indefinite Integration

1.a. Since the slope at any point (x, y) is 4x, 1.b. Since the slope at any point (x, y) is 3x 2 + 4,

 𝑑𝑦 =4 𝑥  𝑑𝑦 =3 𝑥 2 +4
then then
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦=4
  𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦=3
  𝑥 2 +4 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides
∫ 𝑑𝑦=4∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
Integrating both sides
∫ 𝑑𝑦=3∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥+4∫ 𝑑𝑥
  2

the equation of the family of curves  𝒚=𝟐 𝒙 𝟐+𝑪 3

the equation of the family of
with the slope 4x is  𝒚=𝒙 +4 𝒙 +𝑪
curves with the slope 3x2 + 4 is
To find the equation of the member 2
−2=2
  ( 0 ) +𝐶 3=
3
through (0, –2), substitute x = 0 and y To find the equation of the   ( 1 ) + 4(1)+𝐶
= –2 in the equation then solve for C. member through (1, 3), substitute
x = 1 and y = 3 in the equation
𝐶=−
  2 then solve for C. 𝐶=−
  2
Then the equation of the specific
member of the family is  𝒚=𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟐
Then the equation of the specific
 𝒚=𝒙 𝟑 +𝟒 𝒙 −𝟐
member of the family is
Applications of Indefinite Integration
  1.c. Since the slope at any point (x, y) is ,   1.d. Since the slope at any point (x, y) is ,
2
 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦  𝑑𝑦 = 1
then
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 then
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥  𝑦𝑑𝑦= 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
𝑥 𝑥
  𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥   𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides ∫ 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑥 Integrating both sides
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦=∫𝑥
𝟐
 𝒚
the
  equation of the family of   𝟏 =𝒍𝒏|𝒙|+𝑪
− the
  equation of the family of =𝒍𝒏 |𝒙|+𝑪
curves with the slope 𝒚 curves with the slope 𝟐
To find the equation of the member   1 =l n(¿ 1)+𝐶 ¿
− To find the equation of the member (2)
 
2
=2𝑙𝑛 ( 1 ) +2𝐶
through (1, 4), substitute x = 1 and y 4 through (1, 2), substitute x = 1 and y
= 4 in the equation then solve for C. 1
 
𝐶=− = 2 in the equation then solve for C. 𝐶=2
 
4
Substitute to the equation,   1 =𝑙𝑛|𝑥|− 1
−  𝑦 2=2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+2 ( 2 )
Substitute to the equation,
yields 𝑦 4 yields
  |𝑥|− 1 + 1 =0  𝑦 2=2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|+ 4
𝑙𝑛
4 𝑦
Then the equation of the specific Then the equation of the
member of the family is 𝟒  𝒚𝒍𝒏 |𝒙|− 𝒚 +𝟒=𝟎 specific member of the family is  𝒚 𝟐=𝟐 𝒍𝒏|𝒙|+ 𝟒
Applications of Indefinite Integration

2. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 96 ft/sec. Find the maximum height attained by
the body.  
since
Let: s = distance of the ball from the ground
 𝑑𝑠 =− 32𝑡 +96
v = velocity at any time t Then: 𝑑𝑡
note that: v > 0 since the ball is directed upward and
a < 0 since gravity imparts an acceleration
𝑑𝑠=
  ( − 32𝑡 +96 ) 𝑑𝑡
downward
when time: t = 0
initially:
since:
v = 96 and s = 0
a<0
Integrating both sides
∫ 𝑑𝑠=∫ ( −32𝑡 +96 ) 𝑑𝑡
 

then start with: a = –32

  𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑑𝑠=−32
 
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡+96∫ 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑠=−16 𝑡 +96 𝑡 +𝐶
by definition: 𝑎=  
𝑑𝑡 When t = 0, then s = 0 and C = 0
hence:  𝑑𝑣 =−32
𝑑𝑡
Then the distance of the ball 𝑠=−16
  𝑡 2 +96 𝑡
from the ground at any time t is
𝑑𝑣=−32
  𝑑𝑡 To find the maximum height
Integrating both sides 0=−32
  𝑡+96
∫ 𝑑𝑣=−32∫ 𝑑𝑡
  attained by the ball, solve for the
time required to reach that height. 𝑡=3
 
𝑣  =−32 𝑡+𝐶 Since v = 0 at the maximum height,
But v = 96 when t = 0, then: 𝒗  =−𝟑𝟐 𝒕+𝟗𝟔 then
Substitute to the equation   ¿
This equation expresses the velocity of the ball
at any time t. Then, the required distance is 𝒔=144
  𝒇𝒕
 Applications of Indefinite Integration
 3. Consider a rocket whose velocity in meters per second at time t seconds after launch is where If at time
t = 4 seconds the rocket is at a position x = 200 m away from the launch position. Calculate its position at
time t s.

2
Let: x = the distance of the rocket from the launch position
v = velocity at any time t
  Since
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑡
 
𝑑𝑥= 6𝑡
note: velocity is the derivative of position with respect to
time  𝒙=2 𝒕 3 +𝑪
𝑑𝑥
𝑣  =
2
=𝑏 𝑡

The information tha x= 20 m at  =4 s,can be subtiued into he  quation above to slve for value of C.

𝑑𝑡   200=2
 
3
( 4 ) +𝐶
Hence:
 𝑑𝑥
=𝑏 𝑡 2
200=128+𝐶
 
𝑑𝑡 72
  𝑚=𝐶
2
𝑑𝑥=𝑏𝑡
  𝑑𝑡 Therefore at time t s, the rocket is at
Integrating both sides
2  𝒙=𝟐 𝒕 𝟑 +𝟕𝟐 𝒎
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑡
 
𝑑𝑥= 𝑏𝑡