Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques

Submitted to: Sir Asif Ali Wagan

Prepared by: Imran Ali (19CS20)
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro
Department of Computer Systems Engineering

19CS20 17/09/2021 9:01 AM

 CONTENTS: MIT Assignment

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  Microprocessor 8085 contains 16-bit address lines (A0 - A15)
and 8-bits data lines (D0 - D7). These address lines are generally
divided into two portions: Upper portion (A8-A15) and lower
1. Separate portion (A0-A7).

address, data  The upper portion address lines are unidirectional which only
carries address and the lower portion Address lines (AD0 – AD7)
signal can be are bi-directional multiplexed (time-shared) with the eight data
bits (D0 – D7) and eight Address lines.

generated  In earlier part of execution of instruction these 8-bit lower portion

from 8085 carries address lines and in late part these 8-bit address lines
carries data.

multiplexed  However, to De-multiplex/Separate data and address from lower

portion address lines we use an IC know has Latch 74LS373.
address lines.
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Schematic Diagram
 Latch contains a D-flipflop which de-
multiplex data and address which depends
on control plus ALE.
 ALE=1, 16-bit Address is loaded into bus

 ALE=0, 8-bit Data is loaded into Address.

 Using efficiently same lines for data and

address.
 Reduce size of circuit.

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 1. Separate  To fetch any instruction from memory, microprocessor

address, data generates address. for Example: 32F5H.

signal can be  Through address bus that generated address will be

stored in PC which will communicate with memory
generated unit & will gives us data on that particular location.

from 8085  That Data will be loaded into data bus & fetched by
microprocessors through Registers.
multiplexed
address lines.
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 2. Explain the schematic diagram which decodes IO/M, /RD,
/WR into four control signal MEMR, MEMW, IOR, and IOW.
 The schematic Diagram shows three control signals (IO/M’ , RD, WR) that
are converted into four Signals (MEMR, MEMW, IOR, IOW) and this
conversion is done by is Using gates.

 IO/M’ signals along with RD and WR used to read/write memory and

Read/Write input-output.

 So, to access memory and Input-Output separately independent of IO/M’

Signals, Gate are used to convert these signals into MEMR, MEMW, IOR
and IOW.

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 2. Explain the schematic diagram which decodes IO/M, /RD,
/WR into four control signal MEMR, MEMW, IOR, and IOW.
Following
  are the functions of these Signals:
 IO/: When it is high 1, the address on the address bus is for input-output devices. When it
is low 0, the address on the address is for the memory.
 : Signal for read operation. [IO/]

 : Signal for read operation. [IO/’]

 : Read data from memory.

 : Write data from memory.
 : Read data from I/O device.
 : Write data from I/O device.

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 2. Explain the schematic diagram which decodes IO/M, /RD,
/WR into four control signal MEMR, MEMW, IOR, and IOW.
 TRUTH TABLE

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3. STATUS SIGNALS IN 8085.EXPLAIN THEIR FUNCTION.
These Signals shows Current status of microprocessor

IO/: When the signal the pin is high,

input-output related operation are
performed. When the signal on the pin
is low memory related operations are
performed.

S0, S1: These are status Signals, which shows

the current status of the microprocessor. They
distinguish various types of operations, such
as: half, reading, instruction fetching or
writing.

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 4. CONTROL SIGNALS IN 8085.EXPLAIN THEIR FUNCTION.
  ALE: ALE Stands for Address Latch Enable, It goes high(1) during Clock
pulse T1, which activates the Latch to demultiplex lower portion of address
line to get address, for low value(0) data is obtained from lower portion.

 : It is read control Signal, when the Signal on this pin is low, memory or
input-output device is read, and the information is placed on the data bus.

 : It is write control Signal, when the signal on the pin is low, data on the
data bus is returned into to memory or input-output.

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 5. SKETCH & EXPLAIN THE SIGNAL DIAGRAM OF 8085
MICROPROCESSOR.
 All the signals 40 pin 8085 microprocessor are classified into six groups:
 power supply and frequency signals.
 address bus
 data bus.
 control and status signals.
 interrupts and peripheral initiated signals.
 serial I/O PORTS

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 5. SKETCH & EXPLAIN THE SIGNAL DIAGRAM OF 8085
MICROPROCESSOR.
Power supply and frequency signals:
 CKT (OUT): this signal can be used as system clock for other devices.
 Vcc: +5 power supply
 Vss: - Ground reference
 X1, X2: A crystal (or RC, LC network) is connected at these two pins

Address bus:
 Address bus contains 16-bit address lines A0-A15.
 A8 to A15 portion is multiplexed with data lines.
 It carries address of location where is data is placed, It is unidirectional,
and uses high order address bus.

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 5. SKETCH & EXPLAIN THE SIGNAL DIAGRAM OF 8085
MICROPROCESSOR.
Data Bus:
 Size of address bus is 8-bit in 8085 microprocessor.
 Data bus carries the data required to MPU or memory.
 Lower portion of address bus act as a data bus AD0-AD8. These address lines are multiplexed, in
clock T2 and T3 it act as data bus from D0-D7.
 Data bus is bi-directional, carries data in two ways.
control and status signals:
 ALE: It is address latch enable used to de-multiplex address and data bus.
 RD: When it is low, memory or IO selected to read operation.
 WR: When it is low, memory or IO selected to read operation
Status Signals:
 IO/M: It is status signal, When it is high(1) the address is for IO devices, when it is low(0) the
address is for memory.
 S0, S1: These are status signals which indicates various types of operations on different values of
status..
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 5. SKETCH & EXPLAIN THE SIGNAL DIAGRAM OF 8085
MICROPROCESSOR.
Interrupts and peripheral initiated signals:
 The 8085 has five interrupt signals which can be used to interrupt an
execution of program.
 INTR: It is Maskable & general-purpose interrupt, it has lowest priority.
 RST 7.5: It is Maskable Interrupt, second highest priority.
 RST 6.5: It is Maskable Interrupt, third highest priority.
 RST 5.5: It is Maskable Interrupt, fourth highest priority.
 TRAP: It is non Maskable high priority interrupt, it can’t be disable usually
used for power failure and emergency shutoff.
Serial I/O PORTS:
 SID and SOD: SID is for serial input data and SOD is for serial ouput data.
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 5. SKETCH & EXPLAIN THE SIGNAL DIAGRAM OF 8085
MICROPROCESSOR.

DIAGRAM:

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 6. EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF FOLLOWING SIGNALS OF 8085
MICROPROCESSOR.
 HOLDA:
  Hold Acknowledge signals is generated at pin 38, this signal is enabled
when microprocessor get hold signal. It indicate that hold request is received.

 S0, S1: These signals represents status signals, placed at pin 29 and 33
respectively, these signals shows the type of recent operations such as halt, fetch
opcode, instruction read and write, Interrupt acknowledge.

 IO/: A Status Signal which decides either the address-on-address bus is for I/O
devices or memory, When IO/ is low: Address is for IO devices. When IO/ is high:
Address is for Memory.

 INTR: It is Maskable and low priority non-vectored interrupt, when it is high

microprocessor completes execution of current instruction and acknowledges
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INTA signal & process it . 17/09/2021 9:01 AM 16
 7. EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING PINS OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR.
 HOLDA: It is an Acknowledgement by microprocessor in response to the
HOLD signal. After the execution of HOLD request HOLDA goes low.

 READY: It is 35th pin in pin diagram, It checks weather the peripheral is ready
to transfer the data or not, if READY is high(1) the peripheral is ready, if it is
low(0), microprocessor waits till it goes high used for interfacing low speed
devices.

 SOD: It is 4th pin in configuration, It is serial output data pin, once the data is
processed in microprocessor, it represent bit by bit result of output device.

 ALE: Acronym of ALE is Address latch enable. It helps to de-multiplex the

lower portion of address lines to get 16-bit address by enabling latch.
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 7. EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING PINS OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR.
 RESET: it contains two pins:
 RESET-IN: When signal on this pin is low(0), Program Counter is set zero, the
buses are tristate, and the microprocessor is reset.
 RESET-OUT: This signal indicates the microprocessor is being reset resultantly
other devices also resets. this signal also used to reset other devices.

 HOLD: Signal on this pin indicates that another devices is requesting to

microprocessor to use of address and data bus.

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 8. LIST THE SEQUENCE OF EVENT THAT OCCUR WHEN THE
8085 MICROPROCESSOR READS FROM MEMORY.

 
Following are the sequence of events occurs when
8085 microprocessor reads from memory:
 The 16-bit address of memory location from where
a word is must be read, is loaded into address bus.
 With the help of logic gate memory decoder will
decode that address of memory location.
 Microprocessor will send a pulse or control signal
known as memory read . (In this case IO/ =0 =0)
 Now that Memory read signals is received by
memory and it cause to activate the memory chip.
 After that data is loaded into data bus and brought
to the microprocessor. (Data is read out of
memory)

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 9. EXPLAIN THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TIME-SHARED
SYSTEM AND MULTI-PROGRAMMING SYSTEM WITH
EXAMPLE.
 Multi-Programming System: It allocates more than one
concurrent program on a computer and its resources.
Multi-Programming allows using CPU effectively by
allowing many users to use CPU and I/O devices
effectively. It sures the CPU always has something for
execution, It increases the utilization of CPU.
 During execution of a Program if it contains I/O
operations, most of time is spent in them, so Multi-
programming uses this idle time for execution of another
program which increase the utilization of CPU.
 It has no fixed time slice for processes, its main purpose
is to resource utilization.
 Example: If a teacher checks questions of students by
going everyone separately in a class, he completely
checks questions of one students then it moves to other.
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 9. EXPLAIN THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TIME-SHARED
SYSTEM AND MULTI-PROGRAMMING SYSTEM WITH
EXAMPLE.
 Time-Shared System: It is a techniques that allows
many users located at different terminals to use a
particular computer system simultaneously. Time sharing
is logical extension of multi-programming, and it also
uses CPU scheduling.
 In Time-sharing many processes are allocated on
computer resources with respect to fixed time slice, the
processor’s time is shared with multiple users, That’s
why it is known is time-shared system.
 I has fixed time slice for different processes, its main
purpose is to in increase response time. So that user can
receive immediate response.
 Example: If a teacher checks questions of students by
going everyone separately in a class, teacher sets a fixed
time to check questions of every student, so that they can
get immediate response.
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 10. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY A BUS IN A MICROPROCESSOR
SYSTEM?
BUS:
 According to Normal human, A bus is a Vehicle that Carries passengers form one
place and drops them to another place. Similarly, in microprocessor, A bus carries
information from one point to another point inside the computer.

 A bus is group of conducting wires that carries information from one place to
another to establish communication in between internal part of computer.

 In computer all Peripheral devices and internal devices are connected with each
other, so that microprocessor can perform different operations.

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 10. WHY IS THE DATA BUS BIDIRECTIONAL?.

DATA BUS:
 A Data bus is group of conducting wires that carries data only. A data bus is
bi-directional because data flows in both directions, such as data from
microprocessor to memory or input-output devices or from memory or
input-output device to microprocessor.

 In 8085 microprocessor data bus is of 8-bit, which represents 2 hexa-

decimal digits from 00H to FFH.

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 10. HOW MANY DATA LINES ARE NECESSARY IN 16-BIT
MICROPROCESSOR AND WHAT IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE
LARGEST NUMBER THAT CAN BE PLACED ON ITS DATA BUS.
DATA
  LINES:
 For 16-bit Microprocessor 16 data lines are necessary. Because the number
of bits a data bus can carry is 16-bit in this microprocessor.

Magnitude of Largest Number:

 The Width of the 16-bit data bus directly relates to the magnitude of largest
number can be placed on it. For largest number we use formula where
n=size of data bus
 Unsigned Number= it ranges from 0 to 65353 (Largest Number)
 2’ Signed Number= it ranges -32767 to +32767 (Largest No:)

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 11. EXPLAIN THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8085 IN DETAIL.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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 11. EXPLAIN THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8085 IN DETAIL.

For Understanding I have divided this Diagram into 3 Units:

 Processing Unit:
 Arithmetic and logic Unit: It performs various Arithmetic and logic operation
on data stored in Accumulator.
 Accumulator: It is 8-bit general purpose register, act as intermediate storage
when ALU performs operation, 1st operand is stored by this register, denoted by
‘A’.
 Status Flags: these are set flip-flops used to check the status of accumulator.
These are flags: (S, Z, AC, P, CY)
 Temporary Register: it is 8-bit register, temporary stores 8-bit operand.
 Program Status Word: Contents of accumulator and Status flags are Clubbed
together.

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 11. EXPLAIN THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8085 IN DETAIL.
 Instruction Unit:
 Instruction register: It is 8-bit register, used to hold current instruction that is
about to execute.
 Instruction decoder: It interprets the instruction stored in IR and generates
various machine cycles. These cycles are given to time and control Unit.
 Timing and Control Unit: It controls are operations of microprocessor and
peripheral devices.
 Depending upon machine cycle received by Instruction decoder, generates 12
signals
 S0 and S1 (Status Signals), ALE (Address Latch Enable), RD (Read, active
low), WR (Write, active low), IO/M (Input-Output/Memory), READY, RESET
IN, RESET OUT, CLK OUT, HOLD and HLD

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 11. EXPLAIN THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8085 IN DETAIL.

 Storage and Interface Unit:

 General Purpose Register: There are 6 general purpose registers,
namely B, C, D, E, H, L. each is 8-bit long. Used to hold data and Result.
To hold 16-bit combination of 2 register is used.
 Stack Pointer: It is 16-bit long, it point to the top of stack.
 Program Counter: It is 16-bit long used to hold the address next
instruction. Its value is incremented for next Instruction.
 Increment/Decrement Register: this register is used to
increment(PUSH) and decrement(POP) the value of stack.
 Address Latch: A group of 8 buffers, the upper bytes of 16-bits address
is used to stored in latch. Then available for others.
 Address/Data Latch: lower byte of address and data is multiplexed.
{ALE=1,Address} and {ALE=0, Data}.
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 12. CALCULATE THE ADDRESS LINES FOR AN 8 KB BYTE MEMORY.
Solution:
 

Calculating Address lines for 8KB Memory:

Given Memory = 8KB
As,
8KB = 8 x 1KB therefore Using Formula
8= 1KB = bytes
Now, 8 KB = x =
The required Address lines for 8KB memory are 13.

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 13. ONE APPLICATION WHERE YOU CAN USE SID AND SOD PINS IN
8085.
 Before knowing application of these it is necessary to know their
functionality.

 SID: It is 5th pin in configuration, stands for Serial Input Data, it takes 1 bit
at a time form serial port of 8085 microprocessor. SID stores the bit at 8th
position (MSB) of Accumulator, RIM(Read Interrupt Mask) Instruction is
used to transfer data.

 SOD: It is 4th pin in configuration, stands for Serial Output Data, SOD takes
1 bit form Accumulator to serial port of 8085 microprocessor, it takes the
bit from 8th position(MSB) of Accumulator, SIM(set interrupt Mask)
instruction is used to transfer bit.

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13. ONE APPLICATION WHERE YOU CAN USE SID AND SOD PINS IN
8085.
Serial I/O Data transmission:
SID and SOD are applicable on
serial interfacing of I/O devices to
establish serial communication
between microprocessor and the
input-output devices. In this type of
interfacing, an Interface gets single
byte of data from microprocessor
send it bit by bit to a system(I/O
Devices) serially(vice-versa).

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 14. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF USING A CPU REGISTER FOR
TEMPORARY DATA STORAGE OVER MEMORY LOCATION.
 Advantages of CPU Register Over RAM:
 When ever CPU needs any data, it is easily available on CPU register because
registers are inside the microprocessor and CPU can directly access it, where
memory is outside of microprocessor spatially, it takes time.
 Register are faster memory locations as compared to RAM. To fetch operands
every time form memory locations reduces performance of system. In contrast
microprocessor can access CPU Register in one Clock Cycle.
 The Processing speed of a microprocessor can be increased by increasing
number of registers, so that it can fetch larger data in faster way.

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 15. WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER A MICROPROCESSOR IS
CONSIDERED AN 8-BIT, 16-BIT OR 32-BIT DEVICE.
 Generally, Size of bit (either 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit) of any Microprocessor
is determined by category of hardware, the data a register can hold at a
time, width of data bus or the number of bits can be executed by a
microprocessor at a time.
 Examples:
 8085: 8-bit microprocessor, executes 8-bit data at a time.
 8086: 16-bit microprocessor, executes 16-bit data at a time.
 8088: It is 8-bit microprocessor having same instruction in 8086.
 80386: 32-bit microprocessor, executes 32-bit data at a time.

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 ANY
QUESTION??
Microprocessor and Interfacing
Techniques

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