Applying 19XRV Chillers

in Variable Primary
Systems
Ron Beliveau

Carrier
Commercial
Sales

Middletown,
CT

Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable 19XRV chillers in VPF
Primary Systems systems.
Outline 1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.

WARNING: 2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

55 slides in 45
minutes – 3. Review the Benefits of “Max Cap” in both P/S
We will be moving and VPF systems.
very quickly! 4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.

.
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable Why all the interest in VPF?
Primary Systems

Why VPF? 1. Unlike many items –this isn’t a “sell up” concept
– it is actually a lower installed cost.
- VPF Reduces pumping and piping
complexities and lowers installation costs.
- Less real estate in mechanical and electrical
rooms.
2. Unlike many cost reductions, VPF can offer
lower operational costs.
- VPF reduces low ∆ T, increasing eff.
- Fewer, but larger pumps have better
efficiency.

Phone Topics
Primary
Secondary
Systems.

Primary Secondary OFF = 0 gpm

Systems use
constant speed
pumps to supply
water to the ON = 1200 gpm
chillers.

Phone Topics
Primary
Secondary
Systems.

The chiller controls

to a leaving chilled
water set point. 44 F

Chiller cools 1200 gpm

of water to 44F.
OFF = 0 gpm
How much work is the
chiller doing?
ON = 1200 gpm

Phone Topics
Primary
Secondary
Systems.

The amount of work

the chiller does is
related to the return 44 F
water temperature. ??

GPM is fixed. Tons = GPM x ∆ T

LCHWT is fixed. 24
OFF = 0 gpm
Only variable is 500 = 1200 x (54-44) / 24
return temp. 400 = 1200 x (52-44) / 24
ON = 1200 gpm
300 = 1200 x (50-44) / 24

Phone Topics
Primary
Secondary
Systems.
Chiller (primary)
pumps are constant
speed (flow).

Secondary pumps are

variable speed.

Secondary pump
speed (gpm)
controlled by DP
switch at most
hydraulically remote
coil.

Phone Topics
Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems.
If primary gpm equals
secondary gpm, there 1200 gpm

is no flow through the

hydraulic decoupler
line.
1200 gpm

3600 gpm
0 gpm 3600 gpm

Phone Topics
Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems.
If primary gpm is
greater than 1200 gpm

secondary gpm,
chilled water flows
through the decoupler
line, bypassing the 1200 gpm

coils.

This cold water 3600 gpm

mixes with the return 600 gpm 3000 gpm

water, lowering the

return temperature to
the chillers.

Phone Topics
Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems.
If primary gpm is less
than secondary gpm, 1200 gpm

return water flows

through decoupler
line.
This warm water 0 gpm

mixes with the chilled

water, raising the
entering chilled 2400 gpm
water temperature to 600 gpm 3000 gpm

the coils.
If return temp is too
high, another chiller /
pump set is started.
Phone Topics
 EX: 100 ton building load 100 tons

Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems. 0 tons

Start up.
0 gpm

Coils call for load. 46 F 0 tons 44 F

One chiller / pump 0 gpm

started and a
secondary pump
started. 1200 gpm
960 gpm 240 gpm

Secondary pump 240 gpm

only needs 240
gpm to satisfy coil
load.
Phone Topics
 EX: 500 ton building load 500 tons

Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems. 0 tons

At 500 tons of 0 gpm

building load the
54 F 0 tons 44 F
secondary pumps
require 1200 gpm.
0 gpm

Primary gpm
equals secondary 1200 gpm 0 gpm 1200 gpm
gpm and there is
no flow through 1200 gpm
decoupler line.

Phone Topics
 EX: 550 ton building load 500 tons

Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems. 0 tons

At 550 tons of
0 gpm
building load the
54 F 0 tons 44 F
secondary pumps
require 1320 gpm.
0 gpm
For a brief time,
primary gpm is
less than 1200 gpm
secondary gpm 120 gpm 1320 gpm

warm water flows

1320 gpm
back through
decoupler line.

Phone Topics
 EX: 550 ton building load 275 tons

Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems. 275 tons

To meet coil load,

temp sensor turns 1200 gpm

49. 5 F 0 tons 44 F
on chiller and
pump set.
0 gpm
Now primary gpm
> secondary gpm
and chilled water 2400 gpm
flows through 1080 gpm 1320 gpm

decoupler line
1320 gpm
bypassing the
load.

Phone Topics
 EX: 1000 ton building load 500 tons

Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems. 500 tons

When the building

reaches 1000 1200 gpm

54 F 0 tons 44 F
tons, in theory,
the chillers are
fully utilized and 0 gpm

there is no flow
through the
decoupler line. 2400 gpm
0 gpm 2400 gpm

2400 gpm

Phone Topics
 EX: 1500 ton building load 500 tons

Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems. 500 tons

When building is
1200 gpm
at full load, there
54 F 500 tons 44 F
is 1500 tons
required by coils
and 1500 tons 1200 gpm

provided by
chillers.
3600 gpm
System is 0 gpm 3600 gpm

balanced and
3600 gpm
there is no flow
through decoupler

Phone Topics
 EX: 1000 ton building load 500 tons

Primary
Secondary 1200 gpm

Systems. 500 tons

As we unload, the
1200 gpm
system can shut
54 F 0 tons 44 F
off the 3rd chiller
only if the delta T
is at design. 0 gpm

2400 gpm
0 gpm 2400 gpm

2400 gpm

Phone Topics
 EX: 1000 ton building load 333 tons

Primary 1200 gpm

Secondary
Systems. 333 tons

If not controlled 1200 gpm

properly, 1000 ton

50.7 F 334 tons 44 F
load could look
like this. 1200 gpm

3 chillers running
at 67% load!
3600 gpm
1200 gpm 2400 gpm

2400 gpm

Phone Topics
 EX: 750 ton building load 250 tons
TONS = GPM x DT / 24
Tons = GPM x ∆ T
Primary with Low Delta T syndrome
TONS = 1200 X 5
7 / 24
Secondary 24 1200 gpm
TONS = 250
350 ???
Systems. 250 tons

GPM = Tons x 24
∆ (2)
In perfect world T
chillers operate @ 1200 gpm

375 tons each. 49 F 250 tons 44 F

2@ .479 IKW/Ton
With low delta T (3) 1200 gpm

chillers operate @
250 tons each.
3600 gpm
3 @ .518 IKW/Ton 2571 gpm
1029 gpm

Extra pump power is 2571 gpm

also consumed. ∆ T across dirty coil = 7 44 F
51 F
Load is 750 Tons, GPM=?
750 x 24 /7 = 2571 gpm
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable 19XRV chillers in VPF
Primary Systems systems.
Outline 1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of “Max Cap” in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.

.
Phone Topics
Variable
Primary
Systems

Variable Primary OFF = 0 gpm

Systems use
variable speed
pumps to supply
water to the ON = ??? gpm
chillers.
(within min / max flow)

Phone Topics
Variable
Primary
Systems

The chiller controls

to a leaving chilled
water set point. 44 F
54

Chiller cools 54F water

OFF = 0 gpm to 44F.
How much work is the
ON = ??? gpm
chiller doing?

Phone Topics
Variable
Primary
Systems

The amount of work

the chiller does is
related to the flow 44 F
through the cooler. 54

ECHWT is fixed. Tons = GPM x ∆ T

LCHWT is fixed. 24
OFF = 0 gpm
Only variable is 500 = 1200 x (54-44) / 24
cooler gpm. 400 = 960 x (54-44) / 24
ON = 1200 gpm
300 = 720 x (54-44) / 24

Phone Topics
Variable
Primary
Systems

Tons = GPM x Primary Secondary

∆T
GPM = Constant, ∆ T changes as load changes
24

Variable Primary
∆ T constant, GPM changes as load changes.
Pump only the chilled water necessary to serve the
load.

Phone Topics
Variable
Primary
Systems
Only one set of
pumps.
No decoupler line
All pumps are
Variable speed.
Flow (gpm) is
regulated to
maintain ∆ T.

Tons = GPM x
∆T
24

Phone Topics
 EX: 100 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 0 gpm
0 tons

Start up.
0 gpm

Coils call for load. 500 gpm 100 tons

One chiller / pump 500 gpm

500 gpm 44 F
started.
48.8 F 260 gpm bypass
Min. flow rate of
chiller is 500 gpm.
240 gpm

Therefore, 260 500 gpm

gpm must bypass

54 F 44 F
around coils

Phone Topics
 EX: 208 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 0 gpm
0 tons

At 208 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F) 0 gpm

is achieved. 500 gpm 208 tons

Flow is no longer 500 gpm

500 gpm
required to 54 F 44 F
bypass coils.
0 gpm

208 = 500 x 10 500 gpm

24
500 gpm

54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 500 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 0 gpm
0 tons

At 500 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F) 0 gpm

is achieved with 1200 gpm 500 tons

1200 gpm of flow.

1200 gpm 1200 gpm
(1) chiller is now 44 F
fully loaded. 54 F

0 gpm

500 = 1200 x 10 1200 gpm

24
1200 gpm

54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 550 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 0 gpm
275 tons

At 550 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F) 660 gpm

is achieved with 1320 gpm 275 tons

1320 gpm of flow.

1320 gpm 660 gpm
(2) Chillers are 44 F
54 F
now part loaded.
0 gpm
Flow split equally.
1320 gpm

550 = 1320 x 10 1320 gpm

24
54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 750 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 900 gpm 375 tons

At 750 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F) 900 gpm

is achieved with 900 gpm 375 tons

1800 gpm of flow.

1800 gpm 900 gpm
The 2 pump is
nd
44 F
turned on. 54 F

0 gpm
Flow split equally.
1800 gpm

750 = 1800 x 10 1800 gpm

24
54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 1000 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 1200 gpm

500 tons

At 1000 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F) 1200 gpm

is achieved with 1200 gpm 500 tons

2400 gpm of flow.

2400 gpm 1200 gpm
(2) Chillers are 44 F
now fully loaded. 54 F

0 gpm
Flow split equally.
2400 gpm

1000 = 2400 x 10 2400 gpm

24
54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 1100 ton building load 366 tons

Variable
Primary 880 gpm

Systems 1320 gpm

367 tons

At 1100 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F) 880 gpm

is achieved with 1320 gpm 367 tons

2640 gpm of flow.

2640 gpm
880 gpm
(3) Chillers are 54 F 44 F
now part loaded.
0 gpm
Flow split equally.
2640 gpm

1100 = 2640 x 10 2640 gpm

24
54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 1500 ton building load 500 tons

Variable
Primary 1200 gpm

Systems 1800 gpm

500 tons

At 1500 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F) 1200 gpm

is achieved with 1800 gpm 500 tons

3600 gpm of flow.

3600 gpm 1200 gpm
(3) Chillers are 44 F
now fully loaded. 54 F

0 gpm
Flow split equally.
3600 gpm

1500 = 3600 x 10 3600 gpm

24
54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 Primary Secondary Pumping System
Constant Variable
Variable Building Qty of Chiller
Speed
Chiller
Speed
Chiller
Primary Load
100
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
1200 1 20% 65
IKW/Ton
0.954
IKW/Ton
0.551

Systems 208
500
1200
1200
1
1
42%
100%
65
65
0.619
0.446
0.36
0.384
550 2400 2 55% 65 0.537 0.332
750 2400 2 75% 65 0.479 0.33
When comparing 1000
1100
2400
3600
2
3
100.0% 71.8
73.4% 74.2
0.485
0.527
0.436
0.444
the two systems 1500 3600 3 100% 85 0.59 0.589

we find that
chiller efficiency Variable Primary Pumping System
is basically equal Constant
Speed
Variable
Speed
Building Qty of Chiller Chiller Chiller
Load GPM Chillers % Load ECWT IKW/Ton IKW/Ton
100 500 1 20% 65 0.954 0.548
208 500 1 42% 65 0.619 0.358
500 1200 1 100% 65 0.446 0.384
550 1320 2 55% 65 0.537 0.332
750 1800 2 75% 65 0.479 0.328
1000 2400 2 100% 71.8 0.485 0.436
1100 2640 3 73.4% 74.2 0.527 0.442
1500 3600 3 100% 85 0.59 0.589

Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable Why is chiller performance
Primary Systems
identical for both systems?
Mass Flow X Lift
KW = Tons x Lift
Compressor HP ~
Compressor/Cycle
Efficiency

Load

Cooling
Tower
Chiller

Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable Lift is equivalent in both
Primary Systems Primary / Secondary and VPF
systems.

Lift is SCT – SST.

All of this is SST – based on LCHWT

exactly the
same
SCT – based on Tower Performance
regardless
of chilled
Tons – Building load identical in VPF and P/S
water
systems – just adjust flow and ∆ T .
system
type!
The Efficiency Advantage of VFD Chillers is just as powerful on VPF systems!

Phone Topics
 Primary Secondary Pumping System
Constant Variable
Variable Building Qty of Chiller
Speed
Chiller
Speed
Chiller
Primary Load
100
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
1200 1 20% 65
IKW/Ton
0.954
IKW/Ton
0.551

Systems 208
500
1200
1200
1
1
42%
100%
65
65
0.619
0.446
0.36
0.384
550 2400 2 55% 65 0.537 0.332
750 3600 2 75% 65 0.479 0.33
When comparing 1000
750
1100
3600
3600
3600
2
3
3
100.0% 71.8
50%
73.4% 65
74.2
0.485
0.562
0.527
0.436
0.339
0.444
the two systems 1000
1500 3600
3600 3
3 66.7%
100% 71.8
85 0.533
0.59 0.414
0.589

we find that
chiller efficiency Variable Primary Pumping System
is basically equal Constant
Speed
Variable
Speed
Building Qty of Chiller Chiller Chiller

Except when the Load

100
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
500 1 20% 65
IKW/Ton
0.954
IKW/Ton
0.548
VPF chiller is 208
500
500
1200
1
1
42%
100%
65
65
0.619
0.446
0.358
0.384
able to operate 550 1320 2 55% 65 0.537 0.332
750 1800 2 75% 65 0.479 0.328
fewer chillers 1000 2400 2 100% 71.8 0.485 0.436
than the 1100
1500
2640
3600
3
3
73.4%
100%
74.2
85
0.527
0.59
0.442
0.589
Primary / 750 1800 2 75% 65 0.479 0.328
Secondary 1000 2400 2 100% 71.8 0.485 0.436

system.
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable 19XRV chillers in VPF
Primary Systems systems.
Outline 1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of “Max Cap” in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.

.
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable The “Max Cap” Advantage
Primary Systems Applied in VPF Systems?
643
Positive
Pressure chillers 630
typically can 630
produce above
rated tons as 600
entering Tons Carrier
condenser water
570
drops.
550
Others

85oF 80oF 75oF 70oF <65oF

Phone Topics
 EX: 550 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 0 gpm
0 tons

With MAX CAP

feature, 0 gpm

550 tons
1320 gpm
At 550 tons, the
design ∆ T (of 10F)
1320 gpm 1320 gpm
is achieved with 44 F
1320 gpm of flow. 54 F

0 gpm
(1) Chiller is fully
1320 gpm
loaded.
1320 gpm

550 = 1320 x 10
24 54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 1100 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 1320 gpm

550 tons

With MAX CAP

feature. 1320 gpm

1320 gpm 550 tons

At 1100 tons, the

design ∆ T (of 10F)
2640 gpm 1320 gpm
is achieved with 44 F
2640 gpm of flow. 54 F

0 gpm
(2) Chillers are
2640 gpm
now fully loaded.
2640 gpm

1100 = 2640 x 10
24 54 F 44 F

Phone Topics
 EX: 1100 ton building load 0 tons

Variable
Primary 0 gpm

Systems 1200 gpm

550 tons

With MAX CAP

feature. 1200 gpm

550 tons
1200 gpm
At 1100 tons, the
∆ T can be increased
from 10F to 11F by 2400 gpm 1200 gpm

43 F
lowering the LCHWT. 54 F

(2) Chillers are 0 gpm

fully loaded. 2400 gpm

2400 gpm

1100 = 2400 x 11
24 54 F 43 F

Phone Topics
 Primary Secondary Pumping System
Constant Variable

Variable Building Qty of Chiller

Speed
Chiller
Speed
Chiller

Primary Load
100
GPM
1200
Chillers % Load ECWT
65
IKW/Ton IKW/Ton

208 1200 77
Systems 500
550
1200
2400 2 55%
65
65 0.537 0.332
750 3600 65
900 3600 69
Max Cap 1000
1100
3600
3600 3 73.4%
71.8
74.2 0.527 0.444
advantage – 1500 3600 85

increasing MAX CAP ADVANTAGE - MORE EVAPORATOR FLOW.

evaporator flow. Variable Primary Pumping System
Constant Variable
Speed Speed
Building Qty of Chiller Chiller Chiller
Load GPM Chillers % Load ECWT IKW/Ton IKW/Ton
Good idea on 100 500 65
208 500 77
constant speed, 500 1200 65

not the way to 550

750
1320
1800
1 110% 65
65
0.453 0.433

control VFD 900

1000
2160
2400
69
71.8
chillers. 1100
1500
2640
3600
2 110.0% 74.2
85
0.507 0.497

Phone Topics
 Primary Secondary Pumping System
Constant Variable

Variable Building Qty of Chiller

Speed
Chiller
Speed
Chiller

Primary Load
100
GPM
1200
Chillers % Load ECWT
65
IKW/Ton IKW/Ton

208 1200 77
Systems 500
550
1200
2400 2 55%
65
65 0.537 0.332
750 3600 65
900 3600 69
Max Cap 1000
1100
3600
3600 3 73.4%
71.8
74.2 0.527 0.444
advantage 1500 3600 85

holding MAX CAP ADVANTAGE - CONSTANT EVAP FLOW, LOWER LCHWT.

evaporator flow Variable Primary Pumping System
constant and Constant
Speed
Variable
Speed

lowering Building
Load GPM
Qty of
Chillers
Chiller
% Load ECWT
Chiller
IKW/Ton
Chiller
IKW/Ton
LCHWT. 100
208
500
500
65
77
500 1200 65
550 1320 1 110% 65 0.458 0.443
750 1800 65

Increased lift on 900

1000
2160
2400
69
71.8
chiller – less 1100
1500
2640
3600
2 110.0% 74.2
85
0.517 0.509

efficient than
increasing flow.
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable 19XRV chillers in VPF
Primary Systems systems.
Outline 1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of “Max Cap” in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.

.
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable Why Provide Variable
Primary Systems Speed Chillers in VPF?
Same reasons VFD driven chillers take advantage of reduced lift
you would and/or reduced load hours offering annual power
supply 19XRV costs unmatched by any constant speed chiller.
on Primary
Secondary
Systems.
.

Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable How 19XRV Chillers save
Primary Systems kW in P/S & VPF Systems
Affinity laws Flow
Area
V
for centrifugal Flow ~ V, A
fans, pumps To increase flow, increase flow
area or rotor speed
and Diameter

compressors. Lift ~V
2

To increase lift, increase diameter

or rotor speed

Power ~ Flow x Lift ~ V

2

With constant flow and reduced lift,

reduce speed to reduce power

Ideal Fan Laws Dictate the relationship between speed,

flow and lift

Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable How 19XRV Chillers save
Primary Systems
kW in P/S & VPF Systems
Methods to ECWT
Improve Mass Flow X Lift
Efficiency Compressor HP ~
Compressor/Cycle
- Lift Reduction
Efficiency
- Aerodynamics
- Motor efficiency
- Transmission efficiency
Load

- Metering devices Cooling

Tower
- Refrigerant Chiller
- Cycle enhancements

Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable Efficiency improves dramatically
Primary Systems as ECWT drops.

R e d u c e d L ift a t 1 0 0 % to n s
All points shown are (5 0 0 T o n s )
100% load (500 tons)
0 .6
0 .5 5
19XRV “unlifts” much 0 .5 1 9 XR V
IKW / Ton

0 .4 5
better then constant 1 9 XR
0 .4
speed machine. 0 .3 5
0 .3
85 80 75 70 65 60
E n te r in g C o n d e n s e r W a te r T e m p e r a tu r e

Phone Topics
 Three Chiller
Operation
85 ??
100
85F Typical
90 ton-hour
80 profile
70

Operating Hours
75F
Individual 60
Chiller 50 ARI
Load % Condenser
40
Relief
65F
30
20

10
Economizer, if available
#1 Chiller 0
#2 Chiller 4% 12% 20% 28% 36% 44% 52% 60% 68% 76% 84% 92% 100%
#3 Chiller
Total Building Load %

Phone Topics
 VFD chiller unloading versus
constant speed chiller

Variable Speed Vs. Constant Speed Centrifugals

A VSD chiller C.S. IKW/TON VFD IKW/TON
significantly 0.880
reduces KW-HR 0.830
0.780
0.730
consumption:
IKW/TON
0.680
0.630
0.580
0.530
0.480
0.430
0.380
0.330
0.280
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percent Full Load Tons

1.05η max

η max N1
N2
0.9η max
N3 Example: (1) 700 ton chiller with 3000 hours/yr at .07 $/KWhr
N4
Constant Vanes
N = Speed Fixed Speed Chiller Annual Operating Cost $79,380
Variable Speed Chiller Annual Operating Cost $55,860
The chiller VSD saves $23,520 Annually

Phone Topics
 Primary Secondary Pumping System
Constant Variable
Variable Building Qty of Chiller
Speed
Chiller
Speed
Chiller
Primary Load
100
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
1200 1 20% 65
IKW/Ton
0.954
IKW/Ton
0.551

Systems 208
500
1200
1200
1
1
42%
100%
65
65
0.619
0.446
0.36
0.384
550 2400 2 55% 65 0.537 0.332
750 2400 2 75% 65 0.479 0.33
VFD column 1000
1100
2400
3600
2
3
100.0% 71.8
73.4% 74.2
0.485
0.527
0.436
0.444
better than 1500 3600 3 100% 85 0.59 0.589

constant speed
column at every Variable Primary Pumping System
point! Constant
Speed
Variable
Speed
Building Qty of Chiller Chiller Chiller
Load GPM Chillers % Load ECWT IKW/Ton IKW/Ton
100 500 1 20% 65 0.954 0.548
* VFD was 208
500
500
1200
1
1
42%
100%
65
65
0.619
0.446
0.358
0.384
selected for 550 1320 2 55% 65 0.537 0.332
750 1800 2 75% 65 0.479 0.328
same FL 1000 2400 2 100% 71.8 0.485 0.436

IKW/Ton – 1100
1500
2640
3600
3
3
73.4%
100%
74.2
85
0.527
0.59
0.442
0.589
therefore a bit
larger and $$$.
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable 19XRV chillers in VPF
Primary Systems systems.
Outline 1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of “Max Cap” in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.

.
Phone Topics
19XRV Chillers
in Variable VFD chiller selection guidelines
Primary Systems for VPF applications.

VPF systems save Minimum flow rate is 1.5 feet / second (intermittent) and
pump energy – 3.0 feet / second (extended)
don’t forget to save
Maximum flow rate is 12 feet / second.
on chiller energy
too. Rate of change of flow can be up to 30% per minute.
Remember – you Evaporator should be selected such that design flow rate
can have both! is at least double the minimum flow rate (if equally sized
chillers).
Evaporator flow rate and pressure drops must be
carefully coordinated if unequally sized chillers.

Phone Topics