Lecture 2

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 Fundamental C++ Objects
 C++ has a large number of fundamental or built-in object types
 The fundamental object types fall into one of three categories
 Integer objects
 Floating-point objects
 Character objects

Integer object type

 The basic integer object type is int
 The size of an int depends on the machine and the compiler
 On PCs it is normally 16 or 32 bits

 Other integers object types

 short: typically uses less bits (often 2 bytes)
 long: typically uses more bits (often 4 bytes)
 Different types allow programmers to use resources more efficiently
 Standard arithmetic and relational operations are available for these
types 2
 Integer constants
 Integer constants are positive or negative whole numbers
 Integer constant forms
 Decimal
 Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Octal (base 8)
 Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Hexadecimal (base 16)
 Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a , b, c, d, e, f, A, B, C, D, E, F
 Consider
31 oct and 25 dec
Decimal Constants
 Examples
 97
 40000
 50000
 23a (illegal)
 The type of the constant depends on its size, unless the type is 3
specified
 Character object type
 Char is for specifying character data
 char variable may hold only a single lowercase letter, a single
upper case letter, a single digit, or a single special character
like a $, 7, *, etc.
 case sensitive, i.e. a and A are not same.
 ASCII is the dominant encoding scheme
 Examples
 ' ' encoded as 32 '+' encoded as 43
 'A' encoded as 65 'Z' encoded as 90
 'a' encoded as 97 'z' encoded as 122

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Character object type
 Explicit (literal) characters within single quotes
 'a','D','*‘
Special characters - delineated by a backslash \
 Two character sequences (escape codes)
 Some important special escape codes
 \t denotes a tab \n denotes a new line
 \\ denotes a backslash \' denotes a single quote
 \" denotes a double quote

 '\t' is the explicit tab character, '\n' is the explicit

new line character, and so on

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Floating-point object
 Floating-point object types represent real numbers
 Integer part
 Fractional part
 The number 108.1517 breaks down into the following parts
 108 - integer part
 1517 - fractional part
 C++ provides three floating-point object types
 Float
 (often 4 bytes) Declares floating point numbers with up to 7 significant digits
 Double
 long double
 (often 10 bytes) Declares floating point numbers with up to 19 significant digits.

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Floating-Point Constants
 Standard decimal notation
134.123 F or f indicates single precision
0.15F floating point value

 Standard scientific notation

1.45E6 L or l indicates long double
0.979e-3L floating point value

 When not specified, floating-point constants are of type double

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Memory Concepts
 Variable
 Variables are names of memory locations
 Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
 Every variable has name, type, size and value
 When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous value
 Reading variables from memory is nondestructive

std::cin >> integer1; integer1 45

 Assume user entered 45

integer1 45
std::cin >> integer2;
 Assume user entered 72
integer2 72

sum = integer1 + integer2; integer1 45

integer2 72
sum 117 8
Names (naming entities)
 Used to denote program values or components

 A valid name is a sequence of

 Letters (upper and lowercase)
 A name cannot start with a digit

 Names are case sensitive

 MyObject is a different name than MYOBJECT

 There are two kinds of names

 Keywords
 Identifiers
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Keywords
 Keywords are words reserved as part of the language
 int, return, float, double

 They cannot be used by the programmer to name things

 They consist of lowercase letters only

 They have special meaning to the compiler

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C++ key words
C ++ Ke yw o rd s

Keywords common to the

C and C++ programming
languages
auto break case char const
continue default do double else
enum extern float for goto
if int long register return
short signed sizeof static struct
switch typedef union unsigned void
volatile while
C++ only keywords
asm bool catch class const_cast
delete dynamic_cast explicit false friend
inline mutable namespace new operator
private protected public reinterpret_cast
static_cast template this throw true
try typeid typename using virtual
wchar_t

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 Identifiers
 Identifiers are used to name entities in c++
 It consists of letters, digits or underscore
 Starts with a letter or underscore
 Can not start with a digit

 Identifiers should be
 Short enough to be reasonable to type
 Standard abbreviations are fine (but only standard abbreviations)

 Long enough to be understandable

 When using multiple word identifiers capitalize the first letter of each
word

 Examples
 Grade
 Temperature
 CameraAngle
 IntegerValue

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Definitions/declaration
Location in memory
where a value can Examples
be stored for
 All objects (or variable) program use Char Response;
that are used in a program int MinElement;
must be defined (declared)
float Score;
 An object definition specifies
float Temperature;
 Type
int i;
 Identifier
int n;
 General definition form
char c;
float x;
Known List of one or
type more identifiers

Type Id, Id, ..., Id; (Value of an object is whatever is in

its assigned memory location)

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Type compatibilities
 Rule is to store the values in variables of the same type
 This is a type mismatch:

int int_variable;
int_variable = 2.99;

 If your compiler allows this, int variable will

most likely contain the value 2, not 2.99

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Stream extraction and assignment operator

 >> (stream extraction operator)

 When used with std::cin, waits for the user to input a value and
stores the value in the variable to the right of the operator
 The user types a value, then presses the Enter (Return) key to
send the data to the computer
 Example:

int myVariable;
std::cin >> myVariable;
 Waits for user input, then stores input in myVariable

 = (assignment operator)
 Assigns value to a variable
 Binary operator (has two operands)
 Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;
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 A simple program to add two numbers

1 //example
2 // program to add two numbers
3 #include <iostream.h>
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5 int main()
6 {
7 Use
int integer1, integer2, sum; stream extraction
// declaration
8 operator with standard input
9 stream to//obtain
cout << "Enter first integer\n"; user•input.
prompt Notice how cin is used to get user input.
10 cin >> integer1; Calculations can //be performed
read in output
an General
integer form statements: alternative for
is cin>>identifier;
11 cout << "Enter secondlines 13 and 14:// prompt
integer\n"; •Cin is an I stream object
12 cin >> integer2; •streams input from standard input
// read an integer
13 cout << "Sum is " <<
sum = integer1 + integer2; // integer1
•usesofthesum
+ integer2
assignment >> (input operator)
<< std::endl;
•Note that data entered from the keyboard
14 cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // print sum
must be compatible with the data type of the
15 variable
•Variables can be output using cout << variableName.
16 return 0; // form
•Generl indicate endl flushes
that program ended successfully
is cout<<expression; the buffer and prints a
17 } •An expression is any c++ expression(string constant,
newline.
Concatenating, chaining or
identifier, formula or function call) cascading stream insertion
•Cout is an o stream object
•
operations. 16
streams output to standard output
•uses the << (output) operator
Output of program

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program to find the area of rectangle

Tells the compiler to use names

in iostream in a “standard” way

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output

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Program to find total number of students in all sections
1. //example
2. //to find the total number of students in all sections.

3. # include <iostream> //preprocessor directive

4. using namespace std;
5. int main()
6. {
7. int number_of_sections, students_per_section; //declaration
8. int total_students;
9. cout<<"enter the number of sections\n"; //prompt to enter total number of
sections
10. cin>>number_of_sections; //reading number of sections
11. cout<<"enter the number of students per section\n"; //prompt to enter number
12. // of students per section

13. cin>>students_per_section; //reading students per section

14.
15. total_students = number_of_sections * students_per_section; //assignment to total
students
16. cout<<"total number of students in all the sections is\n"; //prompt
17. cout<<total_students; // show the number of
total students

18. return 0;
19. }

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output

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