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Buckling of Columns: Buckling & Stability Critical Load

Buckling occurs in columns when a critical compressive load is exceeded, causing the column to deflect laterally in a buckling mode. There are four types of column supports: pin-pin, fixed-fixed, cantilever, and fixed-pinned. The critical buckling load depends on the column's effective length, which is adjusted based on support conditions. Common formulas are derived using differential equations to relate the column's bending moment to its deflected shape. The critical stress and slenderness ratio can also be used to determine if a column will buckle before yielding of the material.

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Shumaila Khan
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131 views29 pages

Buckling of Columns: Buckling & Stability Critical Load

Buckling occurs in columns when a critical compressive load is exceeded, causing the column to deflect laterally in a buckling mode. There are four types of column supports: pin-pin, fixed-fixed, cantilever, and fixed-pinned. The critical buckling load depends on the column's effective length, which is adjusted based on support conditions. Common formulas are derived using differential equations to relate the column's bending moment to its deflected shape. The critical stress and slenderness ratio can also be used to determine if a column will buckle before yielding of the material.

Uploaded by

Shumaila Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Buckling of Columns

Buckling & Stability


Critical Load
Critical Load
Critical Load
 In looking at columns under this type of loading we
are going to look at four different types of supports:
 pin-supported,

 Both end fixed

 cantilever (One end fixed other free)

 One end fixed other pinned


Pin Supported Column
 Due to imperfections no column is
really straight.
 At some critical compressive load A
it will buckle.
 To determine the maximum
compressive load (Buckling
Load) we assume that buckling
has occurred
B
Pin Supported Column
 Looking at the FBD of the top
of the beam
 Equating moments at the cut
end; M(x)=-Pv
 Since the deflection of the
beam is related with its bending
moment distribution
d 2v
EI 2   Pv
dx
Pin Supported Column
d v æ P ö
2
 This equation simplifies to: + ÷v=0
2 ç
 P/EI is constant. dx èEI ø
 This expression is in the form of a second
order differential equation of the type d 2v
2
  2
v0
P dx
 Where  2 
EI
 The solution of this equation is:
v  A cos(x )  B sin x 
 A and B are found using boundary conditions
Pin Supported Column
 Boundary Conditions
 At x=0, v=0, therefore A=0
 At x=L, v=0, then 0=Bsin(L)

 If B=0, no bending moment exists, so the


only logical solution is for sin(L)=0 and the
only way that can happen is if L=n

 Where n=1,2,3,
Pin Supported Column
 Taking the least significant value

l P / EI =nP

 Then we get that buckling load is:

 EI 2
Pn 2
2
L
Pin Supported Column
 The values of n defines the buckling
mode shapes
P1 P1
 2 EI
First mode of buckling P1 
L2

P2 P2

4 2 EI
Second mode of buckling P2 
L2
P3 P3
9 2 EI
Third mode of buckling P3 
L2
Critical Buckling Load

 2 EI
PCrit  2
L
Fixed at both ends
 The critical load for other column can
be expressed in terms of the critical
buckling load for a pin-ended column.
 From symmetry conditions the point of
inflection occurs at ¼ L.
 Therefore the middle half of the
column can be taken out and treated
as a pin-ended column of length
LE=L/2
 Yielding: 4 2 EI
PCrit 
L2
Fixed at both ends
 Looking at the FBD of the top
of the beam
Mo
 Let Mo=Fixed end moment
 Equating moments at the cut
end; M(x)=Mo - Pv
 Since the deflection of the
beam is related with its bending
moment distribution
2
d v
EI 2 =Mo - Pv
dx
Fixed at both ends
 This equation simplifies to: d 2
v æ P ö Mo
2
+ ç ÷v =
 P/EI is constant. dx è EI ø EI
 The solution of this equation is:
Mo
v =A cos(a x) + Bsin ( a x ) + - - - - (1)
P
 Where a = P / EI
 A &B are constants of integration when
Mo
x=0,y=0 then A =-
P
Fixed at both ends
 Differentiating Equation 1 w.r.t x

dv
=- Aa sin(a x) + Ba cos ( a x )
dx
dv
 When x=0; =0
dx

 Therefore 0 =B P / EI

Mo Mo
 As P ¹ 0 B =0 v =- cos(a x) +
P P
Fixed at both ends
 When x =l, y =0

Mo
 Then 0 = [ 1- cosla ]
P
\ Cosla =1 la =l P / EI
 Taking the least significant value, 2π
2
4P EI
P= 2
l
Cantilever Column

P
B
 This is similar to the previous case.

L=LE/2
 The span is equivalent to
½ of the Euler span LE

LE
 2 EI  2 EI

P
PCrit  2 
LE 4L2
Therefore:

 L pin  pin
0.7 L fixed  pin

Le  
 0. 5 L fixed  fixed
 2 L fixed  free
Note on Moment of Inertia
 Since Pcrit is proportional to I, the
column will buckle in the direction
corresponding to the minimum value of I

Buckling Direction Cross-section


P y
A
y P z
h
x
z
b
Iy>Iz
Critical Column Stress
 A column can either fail due to the
material yielding, or because the
column buckles, it is of interest to the
engineer to determine when this point of
transition occurs.
 Consider the Euler buckling equation
 2 EI
PE  2
L
Critical Column Stress
 Because of the large deflection caused by
buckling, the least moment of inertia I can
be expressed as I  Ar 2
 where: A is the cross sectional area and r
is the radius of gyration of the cross
sectional area, i.e. . r I
A
 Note that the smallest radius of gyration of
the column, i.e. the least moment of inertia
I should be taken in order to find the critical
stress.
Critical Column Stress
 Dividing the buckling equation by A,
gives: PE 2 E
E  
A  L / r 2
 where:
 Eis the compressive stress in the column
and must not exceed the yield stress Y of
the material, i.e. E<Y,
L/ r is called the slenderness ratio, it is a
measure of the column's flexibility.
Critical Buckling Load
 Pcrit is the critical or maximum axial load
on the column just before it begins to
buckle
 E youngs modulus of elasticity
 I least moment of inertia for the columns
cross sectional area.
 L unsupported length of the column
whose ends are pinned.
Effective Length Factor
K depends on the type of supports on the
column

We can also change the effective length by


adding bracing along the height of the column
12 feet and 8.4 feet depending
on axis

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