SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS OF
SAMPLE MEANS
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

Review: Finding the Mean and Variance of Discrete

Probability Distributions

X P(X) X P(X) X2P(X)

Mean:
1 0.1 0.1 0.1

2 0.3 0.6 1.2

3 0.2 0.6 1.8   2.9

4 0.4 1.6 6.4 Variance:
SUMS 2.9 9.5   1.09 1.04
2

2
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

Recall:
Sampling Distribution of the Mean
A sampling distribution of
sample means is a frequency
distribution using the mean s
computed from all possible
random samples of a specific
size taken from a populatio n.
ht
t
p
:
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w
w
w
.
p
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il
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 Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

Recall: Constructing Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

How to Construct a Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means from a
Given population
STEP 1– Determine the number of samples of size n from the population of
size N.
STEP 2 – List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each
sample.
STEP 3 – Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in
Step 2.
STEP 4 – Construct the probability distribution P(X) for the sample means
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means
Because the sampling distribution P(X)
of
sample means X is essentially a discrete
probability distribution, the computation
of the mean and variance of P(X) is the
SAME as for any discrete

Probability distribution P(X).

Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means

PX 
For the sampling distribution of
the sample mXeans :
Mean:
 X   X gPX
Variance  X   X gPX   X
2 2 2

Standard 
deviation: X  2
X
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution of

Sample Means
Consider a group of N = 4 people with the following ages: 18, 20,
22, 24. Consider samples of size n = 2 from the group without
replacement.
If X is the age of one person in the group and X is the average age
of the two people in a sample, find the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of x
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Sampling without replacement
Number of samples of size 24:C2
Sample Sample
Sample Frequency Probability
Mean Mean
18,
6 20 19 19 1 1/6
18, 22 20 20 1 1/6
18, 24 21 21 2 1/3
22 1 1/6
20, 22 21
23 1 1/6
20, 24 22
TOTAL 6 1
22, 24 23
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

Sampling without replacement

Number of samples of size 24:C2
Sample
Frequency Probability X P(X)
Mean
6
19 1 1/6 19 1/6
20 1 1/6 20 1/6
21 2 1/3 21 1/3
22 1 1/6 22 1/6
23 1 1/6 23 1/6
TOTAL 6 1
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

Computing the mean and

variance:
X P(X) X P(X) X2 P(X)  21
19 1/6 3.17 60.17 Mean:  X
20 1/6 3.33 66.67
21 1/3 7.00 147.00
Variance:
2X  442.67 
22 1/6 3.67 80.67 
23 1/6 3.83 88.17 21 2

SUMS 21.00 442.67 1.67

Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means
Redo Example 1 if sampling is with
replacement.
Sampling with replacement
2
Number of samples of size 2:4
Sample 16
Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean

18,18 18 20, 18 19 22,18 20 24,18 21

18, 20 19 20, 20 20 22, 20 21 24, 20 22
18, 22 20 20, 22 21 22, 22 22 24, 22 23
18, 24 21 20, 24 22 22, 24 23 24, 24 24
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Sampling with replacement
Number of samples of size 2:4 16
2

Sample
Frequency Probability X P(X)
Mean
18 1 1/16 18 1/16
19 2 1/8 19 1/8
20 3 3/16 20 3/16
21 4 1/4 21 1/4
22 3 3/16
22 3/16
23 2 1/8
23 1/8
24 1 1/16
TOTAL 16 1 24 1/16
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means
Computing the mean and
variance:
X P(X) X P(X) X P(X) 2

18 1/16 1.13 20.25  21

19 1/8 2.38 45.13 Mean:  X
20 3/16 3.75 75.00
21 1/4 5.25 110.25 Variance:
2X  443.5 
22 3/16 4.13 90.75 
23 1/8 2.88 66.13 21 2
24 1/16 1.50 36.00

SUMS 21 443.5
 2.5
CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Consider a population with values
1, 1, 2, 3. Samples of size 3 are drawn
from the population without
replacement.
a. Construct a sampling distribution
of the sample means for this
population.
b. Find the mean, variance, and
sampling distrib SuOtLioUTnI.ON
standard deviation of the
HERE!
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

QUESTION!
How are the ACTUAL mean and
variance of the population related
to the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution?
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Example 1 and 2 revisited:
Population: (18, 20, 22, 24)
18  20  22  24
Mean of the population:  4  21
X X- (X - )2 Variance of the population:
18 3 9
20
20 1 1
   XN    5
2 2

22 1 1 4
24 3 9
sum 20
 Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Let’s compare!
Population: (18, 20, 22, 24)
Sampling: n = 2, without replacement
Mean Variance

Population   21  2
5
Sampling  X  21
 2X 1.6
(samples of size 2 without replacement) 7
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Let’s compare!
Population: (18, 20, 22, 24)
Sampling: n = 2, with replacement
Mean Variance

Population   21  2
5
Sampling  X  21
 2X  2.5
Distribution
(samples of size 2 with
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Let’s compare!
Values of variances (N = 4, n = 2)
Without replacement:
5  4  2    N  n
2

2X
  1.67  

2 4 1 
  
n N 1 
5
 2.5    2
With replacement: 2X
2
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Properties of the Mean and Variance of Sampling
Distributions of Sample Means
Condition MEAN VARIANCE
For infinite 2
 2

populations or for
sampling with X  
replacement
For finite
populations or for
sampling without X    X2  N  n

2


replacement n N 1


Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
Properties of the Mean and Variance of
Sampling Distributions of Sample Means
1. The mean of the sample means will be
the same as the population mean.
2. The variance or standard deviation of
the sample means will be smaller than
the variance or standard deviation of
the population.
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
If a population is normal with mean μ and
standard deviation σ, the sampling distribution of x is also
normally distributed with the following.

mean variance standard deviation*

2
X    X  
 2X
 n n
, you can also use  X2
X

*Note: For X
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

If the population is infinite with mean μ and

standard deviation σ or the sampling is with
replacement, use the following:
mean variance standard deviation*

X    2
X  
 2X
 n n
X
, you can also use X 2
*Note: For X

Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

If the population is finite with mean μ and

standard deviation σ or the sampling is
without replacement, use the following:
mean variance standard
deviation*
 Nn
X   2X   N  n  X 
  n N 1
2

  n N 1

*Note: For X , you can also use

X  X
2
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means
For sampling with replacement:

As the sample size n increasesX,

decreases. Larger
sample size

Smaller
sample size

μ
x
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Standard Error of the Mean

A measure of the variability in the mean from sample
to sample is given by the Standard Error of the
Mean, which is simply equal to the standard
deviation
means of :the sampling distribution of thXe sample
N  
X   X  
n n N
n 1
Note that the standard error of the mean
decreases as the sample size increases.
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

Consider an infinite population with mean 20

and standard deviation 2. Samples of size 4
are obtained from the population.
Determine the following:
a. Mean of the sampling
distribution
b. Variance of the standard
distribution
c. Standard error of the mean
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution

of Sample Means

Given:  = 20,  = 2, n = 4
Since the population is normal and
infinite, we use the following formulas:
X  
mean
 20
2 2
variance 2X    2 1
 n 4
2
sampling error of X    1
n 4
the mean
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means
Consider a finite population with size 10
with mean 20 and standard deviation 2.
Samples of size 4 are obtained from the
population without replacement.
Determine the following:
a. Mean of the sampling distribution
b. Variance of the standard
distribution
c. Standard error of the mean
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions

of Sample Means

Given:  = 20,  = 2, n = 4, N =
10
Since the population is finite and sampling is
formulas:
mean  X 
without replacement,  20the following
we use

variance 2X   N
2
 n 24 
1010 4
1 2
  

n N 1 
 
2X  0.67 

sampling error o f X
the mean   2X

0.67  0.82
(standard deviation)
Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of Sample Means

The Mean and Variance of Sampling Distributions of

Sample Means
If a population is normal with mean μ and standard deviation σ, the
sampling distribution of the sample means is also normally
distributed, regardless of the sample size.

QUESTION!
What can we say about the shape of the sampling
distribution of the sample means when the population
from which the sample is selected is not normal?