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Thermodynamics Tutorial Maeso

Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The three main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. There are four laws of thermodynamics: the zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium, the first law concerns conservation of energy, the second law states that entropy increases over time, and the third law relates entropy and absolute zero temperature. Gas laws describe the behavior of gases based on temperature, pressure, and volume.

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33 views58 pages

Thermodynamics Tutorial Maeso

Thermodynamics deals with heat, work, temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The three main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. There are four laws of thermodynamics: the zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium, the first law concerns conservation of energy, the second law states that entropy increases over time, and the third law relates entropy and absolute zero temperature. Gas laws describe the behavior of gases based on temperature, pressure, and volume.

Uploaded by

Calvin Labial
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© © All Rights Reserved
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THERMODYNAMICS

•What is Thermodynamics
•Thermodynamics is a branch of physics
that deals with heat, work, and
temperature, and their relation to energy,
radiation, and physical properties of
matter.
• HEAT

•Heat is a form of energy. It is


only produced only by the
conversion of one of the
other forms of energy
Heat energy units
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
Joule

Note: 1 BTU = 1,055.0559 Joules


Temperature
Units of measurement of temperature:
-Celsius = 15 degrees celcius
-Fahrenheit = 59 degrees fahrenheit

Absolute value:
Celsius= Kelvin = 288 K
Fahrenheit= Rankine = 519 R
Conversion of units
Celsius to Fahrenheit:
Degrees Fahrenheit = (1.8 x degrees
Celsius) + 32

Fahrenheit to Celcius
((Fahrenheit - 32) / (1.8))
ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE
Celsius to Kelvin:
Degrees Celsius + 273

Fahrenheit to Rankine

Degrees Fahrenheit + 460


HEAT TRANSFER
•Conduction
•Convection
•Radiation
Conduction
•Heat transfer by conduction requires
that there be physical contact
between an object that has a large
amount of heat energy and one that a
smaller amount of heat energy
Convection
•Is the process by which it is
transferred by movement of a
heated fluid.
Radiation
Thermodynamics
Laws
1st Law of thermodynamics
Conservation of energy- The
law of conservation of energy
states that the total energy of
an isolated system is
constant; energy can be
transformed from one form to
another, but can be neither
created nor destroyed. The
first law is often formulated.
2 Law of Thermodynamics- heat
nd

always flows from hot object to cold


object, that is from high energy
toward low energy.

states that the total entropy of an 


isolated system can never decrease
over time.
•3rd Law of Thermodynamics -
states as follows, regarding the
properties of closed systems in
thermodynamic equilibrium: The
entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as its temperature
approaches absolute zero.
•Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics - states that
if two thermodynamic systems
are each in thermal equilibrium
with a third system, then they
are in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
Gas Law
•The degree of molecular
motion is dependent upon
the temperature of the gas.
Combined Gas Law
Boyle’s Law
•Authored by Robert Boyle who
has the study of “springiness of
the air”
•Constant Temperature
FORMULA
Sample Problem
•10 cu. Ft of nitrogen is under a
pressure of 500 psi. if the volume
is reduced to 7 cu. Ft. What will be
the new pressure be?
Charles’ Law
•Authored by Jacques Charles. He found
that all gases expand and contract in
direct proportion to the change in
absolute temperature.

•Constant Pressure
Formula
Gay Lussac’s Law
•states that the pressure of a given
mass of gas varies directly with the
absolute temperature of the gas
when the volume is kept constant.

•Constant Volume
Formula
SAMPLE PROBLEM
•A 15 cu. Ft cylinder of oxygen is at the
temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit and the
pressure of 750 psi (gage). The cylinder is
placed in the sun and the temperature of the
oxygen is increased to 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
What would be the new pressure?
Ideal Gas Law
•Any change in energy
within the system also
changes the temperature.
Engine Cycles
- Otto cycle
- Brayton cycle
FOUR STROKES OF
RECIPROCATING ENGINE
FIVE EVENT CYCLES IN
RECIPROCATING ENGINE
• This five-event sequence of
intake, compression,
ignition, power, and exhaust,
is a cycle which must take
place in the order given if
the engine is to operate at
all, and it must be repeated
over and over for the engine
to continue operation.
Brayton Cycle
•Constant Pressure
RAMJET ENGINE
SCRAMJET ENGINE
• Density = mass/volume; units: slugs/cubic feet,
kg/cubic meter, lb/cubic feet
• Specific Volume = volume/mass or 1/density; units:
cubic feet/lb, cubic meter/kg
• Specific Weight = weight/volume or
mass*gravity/volume or density*gravity
• Specific Gravity = S.G= density of substance/density
of H20 or Specific weight of substance/specific
weight of H20.
Sample Problems
• 1.) If the specific weight of a liquid is 58.5 lbf/cubic feet. What is most
nearly the specific volume of the liquid in cubic cm/grams?

• 2.) Two liquids of different densities density 1 = 1500 kg/cubic meter


and density 2 = 500 kg/cubic meter are poured together into 100 liter
tank. filling it. If the resulting density of the mixture is 800 kg/cubic
meter, find the respective quantities of liquids used also find the
weight of the mixture @ g=9.675 m/second squared.
• 3) An iron block weights 5N and has a volume of 200 cubic cm.
What is the most nearly the density of the block in kg/cubic
meter?

• 4) If the density of the gas is 0.003 slugs/cubic feet. What is


most nearly the specific weight of the gas in N/cubic meter?

• 5) The specific gravity of mercury relative to water is 13.55.


What is most nearly the specific weight of the mercury in
lbf/cubic feet?

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