Lecture 2
Lecture 2
The total power radiated by the antenna is found by integrating over a closed
spherical surface,
Radiated Power: Prad P r , , dS P r , , r 2 sin d d
EM wave in free space
2 Ex 1 2 Ex
E x E0 e j (t z )
t 2 0 0 z 2
Hy
H y H 0 e j ( t z )
1 Hy
2 2
t 2 0 0 z 2
frequency f
2
x Electric
1
field wavelength
0 0 f
Direction of 2
Phase constant
propagation
y z Z0
E0 0
Z0
Magnetic H0 0
field
Wave in lossy medium
j Propagation constant
Attenuation constant
Phase constant
Power flow
Poynting vector S EH
D2
Far field : r 2 D : largest dimension of the antenna
e.g. r > 220 km for APEX at 1.3 mm !
Antennas – Radiation Patterns
Radiation patterns usually indicate either electric field intensity or power
intensity. Magnetic field intensity has the same radiation pattern as the
electric field intensity, related by o
P r, ,
Pn ,
Pmax
Pn , iso 1
Antennas – Radiation Patterns
Radiation Pattern: A polar plot
A directional antenna radiates and receives
preferentially in some direction.
En , dB 20 log En ,
Pn , dB 10 log Pn ,
Radiation
Pattern
Polar plot
• Whenever we speak of
radiation patterns, we
normally mean we are at a
distance far enough from
the antenna known as the
far field.
Field patterns
E ( , ) E ( , )
+ phase patterns
( , ) ( , )
E2 ( , ) E2 ( , )
P ( , ) r2
Z0
P ( , )
Pn ( , )
P ( , ) max
HPBW: half power beam width
Antennas
Antenna Pattern Solid Angle:
p Pn , d
P , d
P ,
n p
d
n avg
4
beam
lobes
A M m
M
Main beam efficiency M
A
Effective aperture and aperture efficiency
Prec Sin Ae
2
Aperture and beam area are linked: Ae
A
Ae
ap
Ap
Directivity and gain
P( , ) max
Directivity D
P( , ) average
4 4
From pattern D
P ( , )d
4
n
A
Ae
From aperture D 4 Isotropic antenna: A 4 D 1
2
Gain G k g D
n efficiency factor (0 n 1)
G is lower than D due to ohmic losses only
Radiation resistance
• Antenna presents an impedance at its terminals
Z A RA jX A
R A RR RL
• In antennas, power
gain in one direction
is at the expense of
losses in others
• Directivity is the gain
calculated assuming
a lossless antenna
Beamwidth
• A directional antenna can be said to direct a
beam of radiation in one or more directions
• The width of this bean is defined as the angle
between its half-power points
• A half-wave dipole has a beamwidth of about
79º in one plane and 360º in the other
• Many antennas are far more directional than this
Front-to-Back Ratio
P r , , Re E s H Re
*
s
sin a sin a
2 2 r r
1 o I o e j
Ioe j
*
1 I e j I o e j
Re sin a sin a Re o o
sin a sin a
2 r r 2 r r
I o2 2 1 I o2
Re o 2 sin a a o 2 sin 2 a r
1 1 I o2
Magnitude: P r , , o 2 sin
2
2 r 2 r 2 r
Find (3) Prad
cos3 cos 3 0
1 I o2 3 2 cos cos 0
Prad o 2 sin d d 3 3
2 r 0 0
1 1 2 4
1 I o2 4 4 1 1 2
Prad o 2 2 o I o 3 3 3 3
2
2 r 3 3
1 I o2
P r , , o 2 sin 2 1 I o2
2 r Pmax o 2
2 r
P r, ,
Pn , Pn , sin 2
Pmax
Find (5) Beam Width
1 1
Pn , sin
2
sin 2 HP sin HP
2 2
1 z
sin HP
2 HP ,1 45 Pn 0.5
HP ,2 135
HP ,1 45 and HP ,2 135
0 0 0 0 3 3
(7) directivity Dmax
4 4 2
Dmax 1.5
P 8 3
3
(8) Half-power Pattern Solid Angle Ωp,HP (Integrate over the beamwidth!)
p , HP Pn , d
2 135 135 2 5
5 2
P , HP sin sin d d
2
sin d d sin d
3 3
d
0 2
0 45 45 3 2 3
135
cos
3
135
cos3 135 cos
cos3 45
3
sin d cos 3 cos 135 3
45
3
45 45
z
1 1 1 1 2 2 10 5
2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 3 2
The power radiated by the antenna is The power dissipated by ohmic losses is
1 1 2
Prad I o2 Rrad Pdiss I o Rdiss
2 2
An antenna efficiency e can be defined as the ratio of the radiated power
to the total power fed to the antenna.
Prad Rrad
e
Prad Pdiss Rrad Rdiss
Antennas – Gain
Gain
The power gain, G, of an antenna is very much like its directive gain, but
also takes into account efficiency
G , eD ,
Gmax eDmax
Antenna efficiency
Rrad 40
e 0.8 (or) 80%
Rrad Rdiss 10 40