FIRST AID

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

PRESENTED BY,
MRS. SHINI M
NURSING TUTOR
PNS
 DISASTER
Disaster is any occurrence that
causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life or
deterioration of health and
health services on a scale
sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from
outside the affected community
or area. (WHO 1995)
 TYPES OF DISASTER
 Natural
 Man made
 Mixed
PHASES OF THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 ROLE OF NURSES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 DISASTER NURSING
Disaster nursing can be defined as the adaptation of professional nursing skills in
recognizing and meeting the physical, health and emotional needs of the affected
community resulting from a disasters.
 NURSING GOAL
To achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community affected
by disasters.

 ROLE
Disaster preparedness, including risk assessment and multi-disciplinary management
strategies at all system levels, is critical to the delivery of effective responses to the short,
medium, and long- term health needs of a disaster-stricken population. International
Council of Nurses (2006)
HAZARD AND DISASTER
 The possibility of disaster is always hidden in hazards.
 When hazard become disaster it strikes at any place and disrupts the normal lifestyle.
 If a cyclone hits at isolated coastal area then it can’t be consider as disaster but it causes severe
loss of life and property then it will be called disaster.
 An early stage of disaster can be considered as hazard.

FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER

1. Poverty.
2. Environmental deterioration.
3. Change in cultural pattern.
4. Population explosion.
5. Rapid urbanization.
6. lack of vigilance and information.
7. Unsecured shelter.
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER
A. On the basis of Origin.
B. On the basis of its Nature or form.
C. On the basis of Intensity.
ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN: Man made Disaster
ACCIDENT INDUSTRIAL FIRE POISONING ECOLOGICAL WARFARE
S ACCIDENTS
Road, rail, Gas leakage, Houses, in Food, water, Pollution ( air, Conventional,
air, sea and explosion, coal and illicit liquor, water and sound), chemical,
collapse of lapidation and oil epidemics loss of quality of atomic
buildings. security failure. storage, in etc. soil, loss of
forest. biological
diversities.

Natural Disaster
Related to Earth: Earthquake, tsunami, landslides, melting of ice, bursting of volcano.
Related to Water: Floods, cloud burst, sudden floods, heavy rainfall, thunderclap, drought.
Related to Air: Storm, cyclonic storm, storm waves, crest of the waves etc.
INDIA AND NATURAL DISASTER

FLOOD DROUGHT CYCLONE EARTHQUAKE LANDSLIDE

.India is in 2nd .Happens due to .Appears in Bay of .Most .Due to pressure

position. low rainfall for Bengal and dangerous and caused by
.Is a normal and longer period. Arabian Sea, destructive earthquakes
natural disaster. .Malmanagement which are the part disaster. there is an
.Bihar, Assam, of water of 5700km long .Natural extensive effect
Tamilnadu, distribution, Indian sea cost. calamity. in Himalayan
Odisha, West deforestation, .Characterized by .Sudden and slopes.
Bengal, Kerala unequal strong winds and without any .Causes massive
etc. industrial heavy rainfall, prediction. loss of life and
development which results property.
and excessive floods in adjoining
usage of water areas and which
resources. becomes
catastrophic to
the coastal areas.
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Pre disaster activities Facing the disaster Post disaster activities

1. PRE DISASTER ACTIVITIES

1. Prediction of disaster.
2. Disaster preparedness plan (general and personal measures).
3. Mitigation of disaster.
4. Community participation in disaster prevention.
 PREDICTION OF DISASTER
 Disaster related prediction, forecasting and warning have great importance in reducing effects of
disaster or protection from it.
 Disaster occurs at different place at different time
 There is difference in nature, intensity, extensiveness and effects of disaster.
 Predictability:
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN
GENERAL MEASURES PERSONAL MEASURES
To identify the potential disaster area and to Avoid stampede(sudden rush) or confusion during
evaluate it’s risk factor. disaster.
To decide the rules and standard of disaster Personal calls should made only if necessary to
management. avoid overloading and communication network
issue.
To organize the information, communication and Keep emergency first aid kit ready at home.
warning system.
To establish desired co-ordination between Attentively listen the message from radio, tv,
different departments and institutions and ask mobile and follow the instruction
them to be ready to reach the affected area at short
notice.
Continue…
To keep human and financial resources and other Beware of rumors or grapevine communication. Do
tools ready to counter disaster. not get afraid.
To form disaster management team with delegation Follow the plans and instructions of disaster
of responsibilities. mitigation.
To form “Disaster health team” to cope up with
health problems.
To be in contact with print and electronic media.
To enact disaster simulation and check the
effectiveness of action plan prepared to counter it

MITIGATION OF DISASTER
It means to try to reduce the destruction and stampede caused by disaster.
1. Structural approach: it can be done through two ways.
a. Engineered structure: Those structures which are planned, designed and constructed under
supervision of architects and engineers. These structures follow the principal code of construction
and are safe.
b. Non-engineered structure: Are built by local untrained artisan, mason and carpenters. Construction of
these buildings are unsafe, but through training of these workers will improve the quality.
2. Non-structural approach: The safety of life and property can be ensured through legal
compulsion, incentives and insurance of houses and buildings.
 By giving training to government officers and information to common man about possible
disasters, its negative effects can be reduced.
 Prediction of disaster and timely warning is also the part of mitigation of disaster.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR DISASTER PREVENTION
 Active participation & Awareness.
 Coordination with different organization and working.
 So the dangers can prevent in large extent.
EXAMPLES OF COMMUNITY ACTIONS IN DIFFERENT DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKE( bhoogamb)
1. Construction of earthquake resistant buildings in earthquake prone areas.
2. To follow building construction norms in all the types of permanent structures.
3. To impart first aid education to the people of affected area.
4. Repair the weak and dilapidated buildings.
5. Keep fire extinguishing equipments at a known place.
6. To give training to engineer and labor for construction of safe buildings in affected areas.
DROUGHT( dushkal)
 To pay attention to save water.
 To construct water reservoir and dams.
 To stop wastage and excessive extraction of water.
 To promote water recharging techniques.
 To promote forestation and plantation.
 To promote cattle management.
 To change cycle of crops.
 To encourage the people of affected area to resort to occupation or employment other than
agriculture.
 To adopt all the techniques of water management.
FLOODS (pur)
1. Doing plantation and forestation in the water catchment areas.
2. Construction of flood resistant houses, on strong foundation, with the help of water
resistant material.
3. Cleaning of sludge from the bottom of water tanks or wells.
4. Doing agriculture in the flood affected areas.
5. Construction of dams and costal boundaries.

LANDSLIDE( )
6. To identify
भूस्these
खलन areas.
7. To avoid all sorts of construction in risk prone areas.
8. To keep strong foundation in construction.
9. To do plantation or make temporary structures on slopes, to check land from sliding.
10. To construct barricades to keep the rocks at their place.
11. To fortify land base.
CYCLONES( चक्रीवादळ )
 Construction of air-resistant houses.
 To avoid the usages of metal sheets like aluminium,
iron or tin. These can be carried away by wind at any place
and could harm physically.
 To construct shelter homes for affected persons.
 To provide information about the uses of resources like
mobiles, battery operated transistor, radio,
and other medium of communication.

2. FACING THE DISASTER

• There is an immediate need of relief, just after occurrence of the disaster.
• Disaster has to be faced by the use of whatever resources available. The situation remains
critical as one never knows the number of persons affected and the areas afflicted or
suffered by disaster.
 IMPORTANT STEPS FOR FACING THE DISASTER

1. INITIAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2. INTERMEDIATE MANAGEMENT OR

RELIEF PHASE
a. Search and rescue. a. Epidemiological surveillance.
b. Transportation of victims. b. Control and prevention of disease.
c. Classification of injured and application of c. Residential facilities.
identity cards.
d. Identification of dead and care of dead d. Water supply and electric arrangements.
bodies.
e. Food arrangement.
f. Communication system.
g. sanitation.
h. Safety and living facilities.
 1. INITIAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT
A. SEARCH AND RESCUE
 The important disaster management is to search and rescue the people in affected area.
 This procedure is known as SAR( Search And Rescue).
 The main goal is to reduce the number of dead and wounded and then give psychological
support to all of them.
B. TRANSPORTATION OF VICTIMS
 Immediately every person rush to health services.
 Sometimes first aid should be given at the site of disaster.
 Local people, voluntary organizations, relatives and neighbors
have main role in transportation.

C. CLASSIFICATION OF INJURED- TRIAGE

While classifying injured people at the time of disaster, routine and normal technique is
replaced by a special system which is known as Triage.
 Due to lack of resources and people treatment is decided by process of instant
classification(triage system).
According to Triage:
 First or top priority is given to those injured people who can be saved through general
intensive care and can later recover through long term care.
 Last priority is given to those injured people who require an excessive care, but inspite of it
there lies strong suspicion about their survival.
 It is most effective to reduce casualties during disaster.

COLOUR DESCRIPTION
RED COLOUR Top priority for treatment or transportation.
YELLOW COLOUR Second priority.
GREEN COLOUR Less injured. Wounded requiring first aid treatment.
BLACK COLOUR Dead people or casualties nearer to death, who can not be
saved inspite of best efforts.
 It is important to train local health workers to follow the principles of triage at the time of
disaster.
 Identity cards are attached on the chest or arms of casualties who comes to health
institution available at site of disaster.
 These cards contain name of the person, age, address, category of triage, diagnosis and
treatment given.

D. IDENTIFICATION OF DEAD AND CARE OF DEAD

 Many peoples fall prey to death during disaster so identification and care of dead bodies
are important part in disaster.
 Remove dead bodies from disaster place, determine identity, keep them in mortuary,
arrange for postmortem, proper care of dead bodies, entrusting them to relatives,
performing last rites of unclaimed bodies are important part of disaster management.
 It should be always kept in mind that there is chance of spreading infection from infected
and decayed dead bodies.
 INTERMEDIATE MANAGEMENT OF RELIEF PHASE
1. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
 Disaster can be a cause of spread of communicable diseases over all the area.
 It may due to crowded inhabitation, displacement of population, contaminated water,
sewage system, disrupted health services, growth of termites, stray and domestic animals,
distribution of contaminated goods in the way of relief measures.
 Contagious disease like cholera, typhoid and gastroenteritis may further aggravate the
problems of affected population.
2. CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES
 Adopt various public health measures to reduce the transmission of diseases.
 Develop HIMS- health information management system or notification system for
immediate information on communicable diseases, so that they could be controlled at
initial stage only.
 Screening of any report of epidemic disease.
 Form separate or special trained disaster management health team.
 It is difficult to manage disease after disaster through a mass vaccination due to its
complications.
 So we can decrease the disease transmission by improving the resistance level rather than
vaccination.
3. RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES
 Shelter of many people may be get damaged, flooded away or dilapidated so arrangements
need to be done for their rehabilitation.
 To make shelters in temporary tents.
 Immediate repair of buildings and houses.
 Providing shelter and safety to homeless people in schools and community halls.
4. WATER SUPPLY AND ELECTRIC ARRANGEMENT
 It is important to restore the water supply system and electricity supply for temporary until
all back to normal.
 Chlorination is also one of the good method.
 Protect water supply system and resources of disaster affected areas.
 Contamination of water by animals and human sewage should be prevented.
 Water should be transported by tankers and where necessary it should be done.
 Distribute sealed bottles of drinking water.
 Similarly electric should be restored immediately and temporary arrangements like
candles, emergency lights etc should be ready.
5. FOOD ARRANGEMENT
 Due to disaster not only the type of food, but its hygiene, value and supplies also get
effected.
 Assessment of the food requirements.
 Safety of available stored food and its distribution among afflicted people as required.
 Distribution of food packets and food products provided by outside sources like NGOs,
social organizations, voluntary groups etc.
 Take care of food hygiene.
 Assessment of nutritional status of disaster affected people and make arrangement to
correct it.
6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 It is important to restore the communication as soon as possible after disaster.
 It is easier to communicate with injured persons, health workers, relief centers and disaster
management team through radio, telephone, wireless, mobile, fax and T.V.
 Public information system should be made stronger and effective.
7. SANITATION
Due to disaster, housing system gets shattered, water supply obstructed, cleaning of latrines
irregular, sanitary system disturbed.
The removal of garbage and routine cleaning also gets affected.
To protect every individual from diseases, it is important to take care of cleanliness of the
entire area.
There should be adequate no. of bathrooms and toilets with continues supply of water.
Vector control is necessary to prevent vector borne diseases in disaster prone area.
8. SAFETY AND LIVING FACILITIES
To save disaster afflicted people from displacement they should be provided shelter, clothing,
utensils, ration, beds etc so that they do not leave their dwelling place.
The effective security system should also be instituted to protect their life, property and
belongings from any kind of loot.
Rumor should be discouraged.
Distribution of relief packages should be rational and need based, away from politics or
partisan approach.
 3. POST DISASTER ACTIVITIES
It includes evaluation of the harm due to disaster, rehabilitation of affected persons and facilities
to be provided.
A. EVALUATION OF HARM/DAMAGES
 For providing emergency relief aids and to maintain the quality of food, other materials, medical
aid in the affected areas.
 The detailed evaluation is done for long term re-establishment and rehabilitation of people.
OBJECTIVES OF DAMAGE EVALUATION
 To evaluate the effect of disaster in affected areas for immediate relief and help.
 To discuss about required foodstuff, clothing, medicines, temporary dwelling units, quantity of
necessary goods and other methods of providing relief.
 To help for long term relief and rehabilitation.
 To determine the priority areas of activities of relief work.
IMMEDIATE EVALUATION
It includes condition of place, physical area of affected place, number of affected villages and
towns, population, status of blood, estimated casualties, communication and transport facilities, etc.
this report is required immediately after the disaster.
DETAILED EVALUATION
Loss of people, harm to animals and crops, deforestation harm to dwelling places, loss of
government property, cost of its reconstruction and assessment of total financial burden.
B. REHABILITATION
 The restoration of normal life is possible through rehabilitation only.
 ROLE OF NURSES

Health
Team Health educator
Commun Damage Rehabilit
coordina Rescuer care and
icator Assessor ator
tor provider counselo
r