CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS

29.1. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)

 - Magnetic field: the field surrounding any moving electric
charge
- The symbol is used to represent a magnetic field. The direction
of the magnetic field at any location is the direction in which a
compass needle points at that location.
 - Magnetic field: the field surrounding any moving electric charge
- The symbol is used to represent a magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic field
at any location is the direction in which a compass needle points at that location.
- We can trace the magnetic field lines a magnetic field by using a compass or small
iron filings.
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.1. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)
- When we speak of a compass magnet
having a north pole (N) and a south pole
(S) , it is more proper to say that it has a
“north-seeking” pole and a “south-seeking”
pole. N
- If a compass needle is supported by S
bearings that allow it to rotate in the
vertical plane as well as in the horizontal
plane, the needle is horizontal with respect
to the Earth’s surface only near the
As the compass is moved northward, the needle rotates so that it points more and
equator.
more toward the Earth’s surface.
- Scientists consider it more likely that the source of the Earth’s magnetic field is
convection currents in the Earth’s core. Charged ions or electrons circulating in the
liquid interior could produce a magnetic field.
- There is also strong evidence that the magnitude of a planet’s magnetic field is
related to the planet’s rate of rotation.
- The direction of the Earth’s magnetic field has reversed several times during the
last million years
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.1. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)
 - The existence of a magnetic field at some point in space can be determined by
measuring the magnetic force exerted on an appropriate test particle placed at that
point.
- When a particle with charge q moves in the magnetic field, we find the following
results that are similar to those for experiments on electric forces:
+ The magnetic force is proportional to the charge q of the particle.
+ The magnetic force on a negative charge is directed opposite to the force on a
positive charge moving in the same direction.
+ The magnetic force is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field vector .
+ The magnetic force is proportional to the speed of the particle.
+ If the velocity vector makes an angle with the magnetic field, the magnitude of the
magnetic force is proportional to sin .
+ When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field vector, the magnetic
force on the charge is zero.
+ When a charged particle moves in a direction not parallel to the magnetic field
vector, the magnetic force acts in a direction perpendicular to both and ; that is, the
magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane formed by and .
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.1. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)
 - The magnetic force acting on a charged particle q moving
with the velocity vector in a magnetic field :

+ Two right-hand rules for determining the direction of .

+ The magnitude of the magnetic force on a charged particle is:

where is the smaller angle between and .

 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.1. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)
 - Let’s compare the important differences between the electric and magnetic versions
of the particle in a field model:
+ The electric force vector is along the direction of the electric field, whereas the
magnetic force vector is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
+ The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of whether the particle is
moving, whereas the magnetic force acts on a charged particle only when the particle is
in motion.
+ The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle, whereas the magnetic
force associated with a steady magnetic field does no work when a particle is displaced
because the force is perpendicular to the displacement of its point of application.
 The field can alter the direction of the velocity vector, but it cannot change the speed
or kinetic energy of the particle.
- The SI unit of magnetic field is the newton per coulomb-meter per second, which is
called the tesla (T):

+ A non-SI magnetic-field unit in common use, called the gauss (G):

 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.2. Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 Consider a positively charged particle moving in a
uniform magnetic field with the initial velocity vector of
the particle perpendicular to the field.
- The particle moves in a circle because the magnetic force is
perpendicular to and and has a constant magnitude .
- Apply Newton’s second law for the particle:

- Because the particle moves in a circle, we replace the

acceleration with centripetal acceleration:

  The radius of the circular path:

- The angular speed (frequency) of the particle:

 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.2. Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 - The period of the motion:

- The angular speed is often referred to as the cyclotron frequency because charged
particles circulate at this angular frequency in the type of accelerator called a cyclotron.
* If a charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field with its velocity at some
arbitrary angle with respect to , its path is a helix.

* When charged particles move in a non-uniform

magnetic field, the motion is complex.

Magnetic bottle Earth’s nonuniform magnetic field

 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.3. Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
 When a charge moving with a velocity in the presence of both an electric field and a
magnetic field , The total force (called the Lorentz force) acting on the charge is:

 * Velocity Selector
- Only charged particles moving
upwards at speed pass undeflected
through the mutually perpendicular
electric and magnetic fields.
- Charged particles moving upwards at
speed are deflected to the left.
- Those moving at slower speeds are
deflected to the right.

 * The Mass Spectrometer

- A mass spectrometer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio.
- We can express the ratio m/q as:
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.3. Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a
Magnetic Field
 * The Cyclotron
- A cyclotron is a device that can accelerate charged particles to very high speeds.
- The kinetic energy of the ion when it exits the cyclotron in terms of the radius R of the
dees:
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.4. Magnetic Force Acting on a Current- Carrying Conductor
- The force exerted by the field on the wire is the vector sum of the individual
forces exerted on all the charged particles making up the current.
- The force exerted on the particles is transmitted to the wire when the particles
collide with the atoms making up the wire.
 - The magnetic force exerted
on a charge q moving with a
drift velocity :

- The number of charges in

the segment is nAL, where n
is the number of mobile
charge carriers per unit
volume.  the total
magnetic force on the
straight segment of wire of
length L is:
 

- The current in the wire is

 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.4. Magnetic Force Acting on a Current- Carrying Conductor
  
Where is a vector that points in the direction of the current I and has a magnitude
equal to the length L of the segment.
- Consider an arbitrarily shaped wire segment of uniform cross section in a
magnetic field.
+ The magnetic force exerted on a small segment of vector length :

+ The total force acting on the wire:

 
where a and b represent the endpoints of the wire.
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.5. Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 - If the normal vector of the loop, magnetic forces
acting on sides ② and ④ are:

These two forces point in opposite directions but are

not directed along the same line of action. If the loop is
pivoted so that it can rotate about point O, these two
forces produce about O a torque that rotates the loop
clockwise.
+ The magnitude of this torque:

(29.12)
where A = ab is the area of the loop.
This maximum-torque result is valid only when the
magnetic field is parallel to the plane of the loop. If the
current direction were reversed, the force directions
would also reverse and the rotational tendency would
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.5. Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 - If = (, ) < 90 and sides ② and ④, the magnetic forces
and exerted on sides ① and ③ cancel each other and
produce no torque because they act along the same line.  𝒏
⃗
+ and exerted on sides ② and ④ produce a torque about
any point. The magnitude of the net torque about O is:

(29.13)
 where A = ab is the area of the loop.
 (29.14)
where is perpendicular to the plane of the loop
and has a magnitude equal to the area of the loop.
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.5. Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 + Magnetic dipole moment (magnetic moment) of a loop:

+ Magnetic moment of a coil of wire containing N loops of the same area:

 The torque exerted on a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field :

29.6 The Hall Effect

 - When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, a potential difference is generated in a
direction perpendicular to both the current and the
magnetic field. This phenomenon is known as the Hall
effect.
- Consider a uniform magnetic field is applied in the y
direction. If electrons moving in the negative x direction
with a drift velocity , they experience an upward
magnetic force:
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.6. The Hall Effect
  The electrons are deflected upward and accumulate at the upper edge of the
flat conductor, leaving an excess of positive charge at the lower edge.
 An electric field is established in the conductor and increases until the electric
force on carriers remaining in the bulk of the conductor balances the magnetic
force acting on the carriers.
 The electrons are now in equilibrium, and they are no longer deflected upward.
 A potential difference is generated across the conductor - the Hall voltage .
 CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELDS
29.6. The Hall Effect
 - If the charge carriers are positive and hence move in the positive x direction, they
also experience an upward magnetic force.
 The sign of the Hall voltage generated in the sample is opposite the sign of the
Hall voltage resulting from the deflection of electrons.
 The sign of the charge carriers can therefore be determined from measuring the
polarity of the Hall voltage.
- When the charges are in equilibrium:

where (the Hall field) is the magnitude of the electric field due to the charge
separation. Therefore,

+ The drift speed of the charges:

where A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor.

where is called the Hall coefficient.