NETWORKING

By:

BALAJI
&
SORO
 What is…

COMPUTER
NETWORK
 WHAT IS NETWORKING?

• Connection between two or more things is known as

networking
• Connection between two or more computers is computer
networking
• A computer network is a system of interconnected
computers and peripheral devices.
• For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners
and cameras.

3
NETWORKING BENEFITS
Networking Enables:
Information
Sharing

Centralized
Administration
and Support
Hardware and Software Sharing

4
 ADVANTAGES TO USING A NETWORK
• Sharing devices save money! • Sharing devices also saves time!

• For example, its faster for coworkers to

• For example, rather than buying 20
data over a network than to copy data to a
printers for 20 office workers, a removable storage device and physically
company can have one printer and transport the storage device fro one
have those 20 office workers share computer to another.
it over a network.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF NETWORK ????
NETWORK CLASSIFICATIONS

Networks are differentiated by the following:

Architecture - peer-to-peer, client/server
Topology - bus, star, ring, hybrid, wireless
Protocols - Ethernet, Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Media - coaxial, twisted-pair, fiber-optic
 Types of Networks
• Local area network(LAN)
• Metropolitan area network(MAN)
• Wide area network(WAN)
• Personal area network (PAN)
• Campus area network (CAN)
• Global area networks (GAN)
• Virtual private network (VPN)
 LANS, MANS, AND WANS ILLUSTRATED
Commonly connects separate
offices from the same
organization, whether they are
across town or across the world

Connecting LANs from

multiple buildings

Within the confines of a room or single

building
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• Smallest network compared to
the other two networks.
• The simplest form of LAN is to
connect two computers
together.
• LAN is operated within a
limited physical area, such as at
home, school, a single building
or several buildings.
• A network which consists of
less than 500 interconnected
devices across several
buildings, is still recognised as a
LAN.
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network
that connects two or more local area networks or
campus area networks together but does not extend
beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city.
MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a
metropolitan region, and connect them to wider
area networks like the Internet
 A MAN is made from switches or routers connected
to one another with high-speed links (usually fibre
optic cables).
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) are networks
that connect LANs together within a city.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• The largest network of all network types.
• Internet is the largest WAN in the world.
• WAN generally covers large distances such as
states, countries or continents.
• This is network which covers a large geographical
area, and use communications circuits to connect
the intermediate nodes.
• WAN is a group of MANs or LANs or the mixture of
both networks.
COMPARISON OF LAN, MAN, WAN
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
• Also known as network model or network design.
• They are two types

• Client / Server Network

• Peer-to-peer or P2P Network
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK
• A client/server network is a network in which the shared
files and applications are stored in the server but network
users (clients) can still store files on their individual PCs.
• A server is a computer that shares information and
resources with other computers on a network.
• A client is a computer which requests services or files from
a server computer.
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORKS
• Client/Server networks: use a • In terms of resource sharing you
central computer, known as a can compare the client/server
network to a public library:
Server to facilitate Librarians manages the use of
communication and resource books and other media by patrons,
sharing between other a server manages the use of shared
computers on a network, resources by clients…
which are known as Clients.
 ADVANTAGES OF A CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
• Provide User logon accounts and passwords for user of the network

• Access to multiple shared resources can be centrally granted to a single user or

groups of users

• Problems on the network can be tracked, diagnosed and often fixed from one
location

• Optimized for faster processing time to handle many requests from clients

• Larger disk space means it is more scalable and more clients can be added as
necessary
 PEER-TO-PEER OR P2P
• It is a network with all the nodes
acting as both servers and clients.
• A PC can access files located on
another PC and can also provide files
to other PCs.
• All computers in the peer-to-peer
network has equal responsibilities and
capabilities to use the resources
available on the network.
• With peer-to-peer network, no server
is needed; each computer in the
network is called a peer.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES TO P2P
NETWORKS

Advantages Disadvantages
• Simple to configure (Most home • Not very flexible: as P2P networks grow,
networks are P2P) adding or changing significant elements of
the network can be difficult

• Typically less expensive to setup • Not very secure: data and other resources
and maintain than other types of shared by network uses can be easily
networks. discovered and used by unauthorized
users

• Resource Sharing is not practical: each

user is responsible for configuring Shared
Docs and preventing access to other files:
Meaning resource sharing is not controlled
by a central computer or authority
DIFFERENCES
WHAT IS IP ADDRESS???

• Internet Protocol Address (or IP Address) is an unique address

that computing devices use to identify itself and communicate
with other devices in the Internet Protocol network. 

• An IP Address is a 32-bit number that identifies a computer on

the Internet. Every web site on the internet is found not by its
domain name but by its IP address.
A typical IP address looks like this:

216.27.61.137

To make it easier for us humans to remember, IP addresses are normally expressed in decimal
format as a "dotted decimal number" like the one above. But computers communicate in binary
form. Look at the same IP address in binary:

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

The four numbers in an IP address are called octets, because they each have eight positions when
viewed in binary form. If you add all the positions together, you get 32, which is why IP addresses
are considered 32-bit numbers. Since each of the eight positions can have two different states
(1 or 0) the total number of possible combinations per octet is 2 8 or 256. So each octet can contain
any value between 0 and 255.
TYPES OF IP ADDRESS

STATIC IP ADDRESS

A static IP address is fixed, much like a telephone number. If your ISP gives you a static
address, you will always use the same address. Servers usually have static addresses, so they
can always be found at the same location.

As static IP never changes in the internet environment, a specific PC can be accessed and
controlled and maintained from any place.
DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS

IP address that is assigned automatically by the system to a device, account or user when it
is connected to the network

The main advantage of dynamically assigning IP addresses is that it allows them to be

reused, thereby greatly increasing the total number of computers and other devices that can
use the Internet or other network. Another advantage is enhanced security for individual users
because their IP address is different every time they log into the network
WHAT IS MAC ADDRESS

The MAC address is a unique value associated with a network adapter. MAC addresses are
also known as hardware addresses or physical addresses. They uniquely identify an adapter on
a LAN.

MAC addresses are 12-digit hexadecimal numbers (48 bits in length). By convention, MAC
addresses are usually written in one of the following two formats:

MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS

MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS
DEVICES FOR NETWORKING
ETHERNET
Transmits signal Detects signal Collision detected

Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection

Characteristics
Characteristics Description
Description
Access
AccessMethod
Method CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
Standard
StandardEthernet
Ethernet––10
10Mbps
Mbps
Transfer
TransferSpeed
Speed Fast
Fast Ethernet
Ethernet––100
100Mbps
Mbps
Gigabit
GigabitEthernet
Ethernet––11Gbps
Gbps(1000
(1000Mbps)
Mbps)

27
NETWORK CABLES

Types
Types of
of Cables
Cables

Twisted-Pair
Unshielded (UTP)
10BaseT
Shielded (STP)

Coaxial ThinNet
10Base2, 10Base5 ThickNet

Fiber-Optics
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICES

Wireless
WirelessCommunication
CommunicationDevices
Devices

Infrared Transmission

Narrowband Radio Transmission

REPEATERS AND HUBS
Repeater
Transmits data to
all connected computers

Repeater

Hub
Transmits data to all connected
computers in a star topology

Hub
BRIDGES

Bridge
SWITCHES

Switch
ROUTERS

Router

Router
GATEWAYS

Ethernet

Gateway

Token Ring
BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Network Interface Repeaters Hub

Card

Bridges Switches Routers

 NETWORKING HARDWARE BASICS
Hubs Connectivity device that retransmits incoming
data signals to its multiple ports –Typically
used for Star topologies and use twisted pair
cabling
Repeaters A device used to regenerate a signal—
addresses a transmission signal problem called
attenuation
Bridges Allows large networks to be broken up into
segments-segments are connected by a
bridge----manages bandwidth
Switch Also manages bandwidth on a large network—
further divides a network into smaller domains

Router Routing device that examines each packet of

data it receives and then decides which way to
sent it towards its destination
THANQ