Physics: Electric Forces and Fields

PHYSICS
Electric forces and fields

Electric field and forces
OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
Differentiate Distinguish
Recognize between charging
between
the basic by conduction,
conductors charging by
properties of
and induction, and
the electric
insulators. charging by
charge. polarization.
Calculate
Static electricity
Static electricity is a familiar electric phenomenon in which
charged particles are transferred from one body to another.
There are two types of electric charges
Positive Negative
Two Electric forces
Repulsion
Attraction
Q = ne
Electric Charge
Electric Charge is defined as the amount of Number of the charge of
energy or electrons passing from one body electrons an electron
to another either by conduction, induction
or other specific methods. C

There are two types of electric charges Basic, Properties of

namely positive charge and negative Electric Charge
charges. Charges are present in almost
everybody and those bodies which don’t 1. Charges are
have charges are assumed to be neutrally additive in nature
charged or no charge.
2. Charge is
The charge is denoted by the symbol ‘q’ conserved.
and its standard unit is Coulomb.
Mathematically charge is the number of 3. Electric charge

electrons multiplied by the charge on 1 is quantized.
electron.
Conductors
Conductors are materials in which the electric charges move
freely in response to an electric force
 Copper, aluminum and silver are good conductors
 When a conductor is charged in a small region, the charge readily distributes itself
over the entire surface of the material
Insulators
 Insulators are materials in which electric charges do not move
freely
 Glass and rubber are examples of insulators
 When insulators are charged by rubbing, only the rubbed area becomes charged
There is no tendency for the charge to move into other regions of the material
Question Charging by conduction
How many electrons on a charge

of one Coulomb?
Charging by Induction
It is a method used to charge an object --
-- --
without actually touching the object to any – –
– - --
other charged object. –
Charged
--
Electrical Polarization
Polarization is the process of separating

opposite charges within an object. The positive
charge becomes separated from the negative
charge.
Depolarized Critical Thinking
Metals, such as copper and silver, can
become charged by induction,
while plastic materials cannot. Explain
why.
Polarized
Millikan Experiment Millikan's oil drop experiment proved that
1. electric charge is quantized.
2. That he could also determine the

charge of the electron was a secondary
benefit.
The charge of the electron is
-1.602 x 10-19 C
In 1909, Robert Millikan and Harvey

Fletcher conducted the oil drop
experiment to determine the charge
of an electron. ... By repeating
the experiment, they confirmed that
the charges were all multiples of
some fundamental value.
PHYSICS
Electric forces and fields
Electrostatic force
OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
Differentiate Evaluate the

Deduce between factors
Coulomb's The two affecting the
law types of electrostatic
electrostatic force
forces Calculate
𝒒1 𝒒 2
𝑭 𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑪 = 𝑲 𝑪
Electric Force 𝒓
2
Coulomb’s Law Factors affecting the electric force

1. The product of the two charges
Coulomb's law states that the electrical
force between two charged objects is directly 2. The distance between the two charges
proportional to the product of the quantity of
charge on the objects and inversely https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/coulombs-
proportional to the square of the separation law/latest/coulombs-law_en.html
distance between the two charged objects.
Example
Suppose that two point charges, each with a charge
of +1.00 Coulomb are separated by a distance of
r 1.00 meter. Determine the magnitude of the
electrical force of repulsion between them.
q+ q-
EXAMPLE Now that the ratio of the magnitudes of the charges
is obtained so we must determine its signs.
The configuration of charges, as shown in
In As you can see in the figure, because the forces F31
the figure below, the Coulomb force on each
charge is zero. Determine the ratio of and F21 are in the opposite directions (to produce a
charges q3 and q2 i.e. . zero-net force on q1
So, q2 and q3 must be unlike charges
20cm 10cm
F31 F21 20cm 10cm

𝒒 1 𝒒 2 𝒒 3
F21 = F31
|𝒒 𝟏||𝒒 𝟐| |𝒒 𝟏||𝒒 𝟑|
𝑲 𝟐
=𝑲 𝟐
𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟎
|𝒒 𝟐| |𝒒 𝟑| |𝒒 𝟑|
= 𝟗
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎 =
|𝒒 𝟐| 𝟒
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Two identical charges, separated with For a system of charges shown in the figure find
1Cm.if the force between the two the magnitude of the force on 2nC
charges is 90 N. 2nC
What is the value of each charge
3cm
4nC
4cm - 4nC
EXAMPLE F32
F41
Four-point charges are located on the corners FR FR
of a square as shown in the figure. What is q1 q2
the net Coulomb force on the point x
F21 F12
q1=q q2=q x
x
F34 F43
q4 q3
FR
FR F23
F14
q4=q q3=q
EXAMPLE
Three charges lie along the x-axis. One positive
charge, q1 = 15 μC, is at x = 2.0 m, and another
positive charge, q2 = 6.0 μC, is at the origin.
At what point on the x-axis must a negative
charge, q3, be placed so that the resultant force
on it is zero?

PHYSICS
Electric Fields Strength
Electric Fields
OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
Calculate the Determine the

Define the electric field direction of the
electric intensity electric field
field Calculate
The strength of an electric field E at any point may be defined as the electric, or Coulomb, force F exerted per
unit positive electric charge q at that point

N/C
Electric field strength is a vector quantity; it has both magnitude and direction
https://www.showmethephysics.com/home/notes/electricity/s
taticElectricity/part2/ElectricField.htm
Let's suppose that an electric charge can be denoted by the
symbol Q. Q q
Q is the source of the electric field, we will refer to it as
the source charge. r
The strength of the source charge's electric field could be
measured by any other charge placed somewhere in its
surroundings. The test charge has a quantity of charge denoted
by the symbol q. When placed within the electric field, the test
charge will experience an electric force - either attractive or
repulsive. As is usually the case, this force will be denoted by
the symbol F. The magnitude of the electric field is simply
defined as the force per charge on the test charge.

𝑸
𝑬=𝒌 𝟐
𝒓
Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
When no net motion of charge is occurring within a conductor,
the conductor is said to be in electrostatic equilibrium.
PROERTIES OF A CONDUCTORS IN ELECTROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM
1. The electric field is zero inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium,
2. Just outside a conductor, the electric field lines are

perpendicular to its surface, ending or beginning on
charges on the surface.
3. Any excess charge resides entirely on the surface or

surfaces of a conductor.
UNIFORM Electric Field
Field between plates is uniform

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PHYSICS

Electric forces and fields

Two Electric forces

There are two types of electric charges Basic, Properties of

Mathematically charge is the number of 3. Electric charge

How many electrons on a charge

Polarization is the process of separating

2. That he could also determine the

In 1909, Robert Millikan and Harvey

Differentiate Evaluate the

Coulomb’s Law Factors affecting the electric force

F31 F21 20cm 10cm

Calculate the Determine the

2. Just outside a conductor, the electric field lines are

3. Any excess charge resides entirely on the surface or

Field between plates is uniform

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