BC - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I

CHAPTER 1
 CHAPTER 1 - OUTLINE
• Design and Purpose
• Environment and Socio Economic
• Structural Form
• Materials
• Construction
• System Design
Design and Purpose
• What is building?
– is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or
less permanently in one place, such as a house or
factory.
– Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and
functions, and have been adapted throughout
history for a wide number of factors, from building
materials available, to weather conditions, land
prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and
aesthetic reasons.
Design and Purpose
• Purpose
– The purpose of a building is to provide shelter for
the performance of human activities. From
prehistoric time when man dwelt in caves, shelter is
one of the major needs for protection against the
elements of weather.
– Buildings serve several societal needs – primarily as
shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy,
to store belongings, and to comfortably live and
work.
 Design and Purpose
• Design

ARCHITECT ENGINEERS BUILDERS

• Construction of modern building is

already under the collective talents and
efforts of a team.
 LAND COST

Environment and Socio Economic

Environmental
ZONING
RESTRICTION
condition
E.S.E mayTENANCY

affect both the

shape and
appearance of a
BUILDING

building
BUDGET

structure.
Environment and Socio Economic
1. Land Cost
 High cost of land in the urban areas, invite highrise building.
2. Tenancy
 A housing project for the rich will have a different form than
the low cost housing project.
3. Building Budget
 A prestigious office building will be more generously
budgetted than other simple offices.
4. Zoning Restriction
 The classification of building and its outline maybe limited
by the zoning regulations
Structural Form
In building technology, every structure must
work against the natural force of gravity that
tends to pull down everything to the ground.
4 Methods of building construction:
1. The post and lintel type of construction
2. The archs and vaults
3. The trusses
4. Cantilever construction
 The Post and Lintel Type of Construction
• The post and lintel type of construction
is a classical Greek method of
constructing building and temples
where horizontal beams made of cut
stone or marble are put across the
space between two supporting posts.
If the support is continuous, it is called
- Wall. If the series of beam are joint
together to form a continuous surface,
it is called - Slab.
 The Arch and Vault
• The Arch and Vaults type of
construction is characteristically a
masonry type of construction
originated in Mesopotamia.
Known to be the land of bricks
building. The arches consisting of
masonry blocks forming a curved
line was stable and very popular
anchored on the principle:
 The Arch and Vault
• 1. Each wedge shaped
masonry block will not fall
inward without pushing out
the other block.
• 2. The whole arch remains
stable as long as the force is
applied at the base to keep
it from spreading.
 Trusses
• In the 16th century, Andrea
Palladio presented a design of
a truss bridge based on the
principle that: “If a single
triangle is rigid, combinationss
of triangles are also rigid.”
• In the 19th century, Steel
trusses were used in
constructing Buildings and
Bridges.
• 3 Types of Truss:
• 1. Howe Truss
• 2. Warren Truss
• 3. Pratt Truss
 Cantilever
• Cantilever is
defined as an
element projected
outward from a
fixed support.
Materials
The Building Code provides that; “materials
for building construction must have a certain
quality and physical properties to be
structurally sound”
Materials
1. The materials must be able to carry load or
weight without changing in shape permanently.
2. Deformation of the materials may occur when
load is applied, but must return to its original
position when the load is removed.
3. If a material is not elastic and deformation is
present in the structure after removal of the load,
repeated loading and unloading will eventually
increase the deformation to the point where the
structure would become useless.
Materials
4. All structural materials must possess elasticity
within a certain defined range of loading. If the
loading is increased above that range, two types of
behavior may occur - brittle and plasticity.
5. When brittle, the materials will break suddenly.
When plastic, the material will flow to a certain load
that will ultimately result to fracture.
6. The ultimate strength of a material is measured by
the stress at which fracture or failure occur.
Materials
Important property of Steel, Wood and
Reinforced concrete is STIFFNESS.
STIFFNESS - refers to the rigidity of a
structural element. In general terms, this
means the extent to which the element is
able to resist deformation or deflection
under the action of an applied force.
 Materials
•  ELASTIC MODULUS - the ratio of the stress (force per
unit area) to the strain (deformation per unit length).

E of steel = 2,100,000 kN/sq.cm

Materials
Masonry Materials
- either Natural or
Manufactured.
Natural
• Stone, marble, granite,
sand and gravel
Manufactured
• Concrete hollow blocks
• Mud bricks
Construction
1. The definition of construction is the
process of making something, the
occupation of building or the way that
something is put together.
2. Construction is the building of things
such as houses, factories, roads, and
bridges.
Construction
TRANSFERING OF VATICAN OBELISK
Construction
EGYPTIAN PYRAMID: MOVING OF MASSIVE STONE BLOCKS
Construction
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Construction
Role of Machine
Construction equipment is the best ally that a company
can depend on. This equipment facilitates and provides
the best assistance when working against a tight
deadline. Some common construction equipment
needed for any construction business includes
bulldozers, wheel loaders, backhoes, pavers, excavators,
cranes, and tractors, rollers, forklifts, trucks, generators,
pressure washers, welders and air compressors.
 Construction
 Scheduling
• A construction project’s success relies heavily upon a well-thought-
out schedule and comprehensive planning.
• Construction planning and scheduling are key aspects in
integrating all your construction activities and phases needed to
complete a given construction project at a given budget and time
frame. Although having individual functions, planning and
scheduling are inseparable when it comes to successful project
management.
• Proper construction planning and scheduling are important in
ensuring that your construction project gets completed on time
and within budget. A thoroughly planned construction schedule
not only outlines the pace of your work but it dictates how your
work gets done. It also helps define your processes, methods, and
sequences for when materials are put in place.
System Design
Building Techniques and Designs were combined gradually into a
Unified System. System is defined as “an assemblage of compatible
components that can be arranged together in a variety of ways to
create the different configurations of a building”. In other words
this is called “prefabricated parts”.

System Buildings
1. Modular Coordination;
2. Prefabrication;
3. Functional planning;
4. Integration of compatible architectural, structural and
mechanical components
System Design
Performance Criteria for System Building include the specifications
of:
1. Desired load capacity of the structural members.
2. Heating ventilation and cooling requirements.
3. Desired performance of building finishes in terms of durability,
color and texture.
4. Detailed criteria for sanitary units and kitchen units.
5. Criteria for partitions such as strengths and sound transmission
rating
6. Criteria for lighting intensity and quality
7. Criteria for the outside wall in terms of type of windows, sash
operation, sizes and strength of glass, water proofing and wind
resistance
BC - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I
CHAPTER 2
 CHAPTER 2 - OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Evolution of Tools
• Importance of Tools
• Classification of Tools
Introduction
What is Tool?
• Tool is defined as implements used to modify raw materials
for human use. It is considered as extension of the hand
thereby increasing its speed, power and accuracy regarded
as man’s partner in his struggle for survival.
• Something (such as an instrument or apparatus) used in
performing an operation or necessary in the practice of a
vocation or profession. (Merriam Webster)
 Evolution of Tools
• The need for food and shelter prompted man to
discover the importance of tools. As Man evolves and
progressed, he became increasingly dependent on
tool-derived power for working, hunting and fighting.
Evolution of Tools
 Importance of Tools
• Through the use of tools, man was able to advance their craft in
making refined works as evidence by the many existing
magnificent art and structures past and present.
• Tools are particularly important in construction work. They are
primarily used to put things together (e.g., hammers and nail
guns) or to take them apart (e.g., jackhammers and saws). Tools
are often classified as hand tools and power tools. Hand tools
include all non-powered tools, such as hammers and pliers.
Importance of Tools
• Comparatively, works of the past builders could be assessed
far behind that of the present in terms of quality and time
of work involved. The difference could be attitributed
mainly to the kind of tools used and technology applied.
Thus, the advantages derived in working with good tools
can be enumerated as follows:

1. Efficiency
2. Accuracy
3. Quality of Work
4. Speed of Work
Importance of Tools
• These advantages however, depends upon the following
considerations:

1. Availability and sufficiency of materials

2. Experienced and skill of the workers in their respective
field
3. Tools and equipment of good quality and standard make
 Classification of Tools
• Construction tools are categorized into six functional groups:
1. Striking Tools
2. Cutting Tools
3. Boring Tools
4. Torsion Tools
5. Measuring Tools
6. Holding Tools
 Classification of Tools
• Tools maybe classified according to the different kinds of
trade involved, namely:
1. Carpentry Tools
2. Masonry Tools
3. Tinsmith Tools
4. Painters Tools Plumbing Tools
5. Electrical Tools