Titrimetric Methods of Analysis !
Titrimetric Methods of Analysis !
OF ANALYSIS
Titrimetric Methods
mass analyte
% purity X100
mass sample
Lab #2 %Purity Calculation
1. acid-base
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
2. redox
5NaC2O4 + 2 KMnO4 + 6H+ →
10CO2 + 2Mn2+ +8H2O
3. precipitation
Ag+ + X- → AgX(s)
4. complex formation (EDTA)
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ACID BASE TITRATION
• INDICATORS
•
Titration • a method of analysis that
will allow you to
determine the precise
endpoint of a reaction
and therefore the precise
quantity of reactant in
the titration flask.
• A buret is used to deliver
the second reactant to
the flask.
• An indicator or pH Meter
is used to detect the
endpoint of the reaction.
Doing a Titration
• Begin by preparing your buret by
1. washing with soap and water
2. rinsing with tap and then
distilled water
3. and rinsing with the titrant
solution
• You should check for air
bubbles and leaks, before
proceeding with the titration.
• Be sure the tip of the buret is
filled.
• Never dispense so that liquid is
below the last calibration that
you can read.
• Take an initial volume
reading and record it.
• Before beginning a
titration, you should
always calculate the
expected endpoint
volume.
• Prepare the solution
to be analyzed by
placing it in a clean
Erlenmeyer flask or
beaker.
• If your sample is a
solid, make sure it is
completely
dissolved.
• Add indicator.
• Use the buret to deliver
a stream of titrant to
within a couple of mL of
your expected endpoint.
• You will see the indicator
change color when the
titrant hits the solution
in the flask, but the color
change disappears upon
stirring.
• Approach the endpoint more slowly
and watch the color of your flask
carefully.
• Use a wash bottle to rinse the sides
of the flask and the tip of the buret,
to be sure all titrant is mixed in the
flask.
• Make sure you know what the
endpoint should look like.
• For phenolphthalein, the endpoint is
the first permanent pale pink.
• The pale pink fades in 10 to 20
minutes.
• If you think you might
have reached the
endpoint, you can record
the volume reading and
add another partial drop.
• Sometimes it is easier to
tell when you have gone
past the endpoint.
• If the flask looks like this,
you have gone too far!
Acid-Base Indicators
• An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or a weak base.
• The undissociated form of the indicator is a different
color than the original form of the indicator.
• An Indicator does not change color from pure acid to
pure alkaline at specific hydrogen ion concentration,
but rather, color change occurs over a range of
hydrogen ion concentrations.
• This range is termed the color change interval. It is
expressed as a pH range.
End Point of an Indicator
• should not be confused with the equivalence point of
a titration
• indicator changes color at its endpoint
• equivalence point is the stoichiometric point where
neutralization takes place
• ideally, the end point of the indicator and the
stoichiometric equivalence point should coincide
Some common indicators
Titration curves for strong acid vs. strong base
Running acid into the base Running base into the acid
Titration curves for strong acid vs. weak base
Running acid into the base Running base into the acid
Titration curves for weak acid vs. strong base
Running acid into the base Running base into the acid