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Thermodynamics
Chapter 10
Table of Contents
Section 1 Relationships Between Heat and Work
Section 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Section 3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Section 1 Relationships
Chapter 10 Between Heat and Work
Objectives
• Recognize that a system can absorb or release
energy as heat in order for work to be done on or by
the system and that work done on or by a system can
result in the transfer of energy as heat.
• Compute the amount of work done during a

thermodynamic process.
• Distinguish between isovolumetric, isothermal, and

adiabatic thermodynamic processes.

Heat, Work, and Internal Energy

• Heat and work are energy transferred to or from a
system. An object never has “heat” or “work” in it; it has
only internal energy.
• A system is a set of particles or interacting components

considered to be a distinct physical entity for the
purpose of study.
• The environment the combination of conditions and

influences outside a system that affect the behavior of
the system.

Heat, Work, and Internal Energy, continued

• In thermodynamic systems, work is defined in terms
of pressure and volume change.
 A  F 
W  Fd  Fd      ( Ad )  P V
 A  A
W  P V
work = pressure  volume change
• This definition assumes that P is constant.


• If the gas expands, as
shown in the figure, V is
positive, and the work done
by the gas on the piston is
positive.
• If the gas is compressed,
V is negative, and the work
done by the gas on the
piston is negative. (In other
words, the piston does work
on the gas.)


• When the gas volume remains constant, there is no
displacement and no work is done on or by the system.
• Although the pressure can change during a process,

work is done only if the volume changes.
• A situation in which pressure increases and volume

remains constant is comparable to one in which a force
does not displace a mass even as the force is
increased. Work is not done in either situation.

Thermodynamic Processes
• An isovolumetric process is a thermodynamic
process that takes place at constant volume so that
no work is done on or by the system.
• An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process

that takes place at constant temperature.
• An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process

during which no energy is transferred to or from the
system as heat.

Thermodynamic Processes

Section 2 The First Law of
Chapter 10 Thermodynamics
Objectives
• Illustrate how the first law of thermodynamics is a
statement of energy conservation.
• Calculate heat, work, and the change in internal

energy by applying the first law of thermodynamics.
• Apply the first law of thermodynamics to describe

cyclic processes.

Energy Conservation
• If friction is taken into account, mechanical energy
is not conserved.
• Consider the example of a roller coaster:
– A steady decrease in the car’s total mechanical energy
occurs because of work being done against the friction
between the car’s axles and its bearings and between the
car’s wheels and the coaster track.
– If the internal energy for the roller coaster (the system) and
the energy dissipated to the surrounding air (the
environment) are taken into account, then the total energy
will be constant.

Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation, continued

• The principle of energy conservation that takes into
account a system’s internal energy as well as work
and heat is called the first law of thermodynamics.
• The first law of thermodynamics can be expressed

mathematically as follows:
U = Q – W
Change in system’s internal energy = energy
transferred to or from system as heat – energy
transferred to or from system as work

Signs of Q and W for a system

Sample Problem
The First Law of Thermodynamics
A total of 135 J of work is done on a gaseous
refrigerant as it undergoes compression. If the
internal energy of the gas increases by 114 J during
the process, what is the total amount of energy
transferred as heat? Has energy been added to or
removed from the refrigerant as heat?

Sample Problem, continued

1. Define
Given: Diagram:
W = –135 J Tip: Work is done
on the gas, so work
U = 114 J (W) has a negative
value. The internal
energy increases
Unknown:
during the process,
Q=? so the change in
internal energy (U)
has a positive value.


2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation:
Apply the first law of thermodynamics using the values
for U and W in order to find the value for Q.
U = Q – W
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown:

Q = U + W


3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equation and solve:
Q = 114 J + (–135 J)
Q = –21 J
Tip: The sign for the value of Q is negative. This

indicates that energy is transferred as heat from
the refrigerant.


4. Evaluate
Although the internal energy of the refrigerant
increases under compression, more energy is
added as work than can be accounted for by the
increase in the internal energy. This energy is
removed from the gas as heat, as indicated by the
minus sign preceding the value for Q.

First Law of Thermodynamics for Special

Processes

Cyclic Processes
• A cyclic process is a thermodynamic process in
which a system returns to the same conditions under
which it started.
• Examples include heat engines and refrigerators.
• In a cyclic process, the final and initial values of

internal energy are the same, and the change in
internal energy is zero.
Unet = 0 and Qnet = Wnet

Cyclic Processes, continued

• A heat engine uses heat to do
mechanical work.
• A heat engine is able to do work
(b) by transferring energy from a
high-temperature substance (the
boiler) at Th (a) to a substance at
a lower temperature (the air
around the engine) at Tc (c).
• The internal-combustion engine found in most

vehicles is an example of a heat engine.

Combustion Engines

The Steps of a Gasoline Engine Cycle

Refrigeration

The Steps of a Refrigeration Cycle

Thermodynamics of a Refrigerator

Section 3 The Second Law of
Objectives
• Recognize why the second law of thermodynamics
requires two bodies at different temperatures for work
to be done.
• Calculate the efficiency of a heat engine.
• Relate the disorder of a system to its ability to do

work or transfer energy as heat.

Efficiency of Heat Engines

• The second law of thermodynamics can be stated
as follows:
No cyclic process that converts heat entirely
into work is possible.
• As seen in the last section, Wnet = Qnet = Qh – Qc.
– According to the second law of thermodynamics,
W can never be equal to Qh in a cyclic process.
– In other words, some energy must always be
transferred as heat to the system’s surroundings
(Qc > 0).

Efficiency of Heat Engines, continued

• A measure of how well an engine operates is given
by the engine’s efficiency (eff ).
• In general, efficiency is a measure of the useful
energy taken out of a process relative to the total
energy that is put into the process.
Wnet Qh – Qc Qc
eff    1
Qh Qh Qh
• Note that efficiency is a unitless quantity.
• Because of the second law of thermodynamics, the
efficiency of a real engine is always less than 1.

Sample Problem
Heat-Engine Efficiency
Find the efficiency of a gasoline engine that, during
one cycle, receives 204 J of energy from combustion
and loses 153 J as heat to the exhaust.
1. Define
Given: Diagram:
Qh = 204 J
Qc = 153 J
Unknown
eff = ?


2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: The efficiency of
a heat engine is the ratio of the work done by the
engine to the energy transferred to it as heat.
Wnet Qc
eff   1
Qh Qh


3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equation and
solve:
Qc 153 J
eff  1   1
Qh 204 J
eff  0.250
4. Evaluate
Only 25 percent of the energy added as heat is used
by the engine to do work. As expected, the efficiency
is less than 1.0.

Entropy
• In thermodynamics, a system left to itself tends to go
from a state with a very ordered set of energies to one
in which there is less order.
• The measure of a system’s disorder or randomness is
called the entropy of the system. The greater the
entropy of a system is, the greater the system’s
disorder.
• The greater probability of a disordered arrangement
indicates that an ordered system is likely to become
disordered. Put another way, the entropy of a
system tends to increase.

Entropy, continued
• Greater disorder means there is less energy to do
work.
• If all gas particles moved toward the piston, all of the
internal energy could be used to do work. This
extremely well ordered system is highly improbable.

Entropy, continued
• Because of the connection between a system’s
entropy, its ability to do work, and the direction of
energy transfer, the second law of thermodynamics
can also be expressed in terms of entropy change:
The entropy of the universe increases in all natural

processes.
• Entropy can decrease for parts of systems, provided
this decrease is offset by a greater increase in entropy
elsewhere in the universe.

Energy Changes Produced by a Refrigerator

Freezing Water
Because of the refrigerator’s less-than-perfect efficiency, the entropy of

the outside air molecules increases more than the entropy of the
freezing water decreases.

Entropy of the Universe

Chapter 10
Multiple Choice
1. If there is no change in the internal energy of a gas,
even though energy is transferred to the gas as heat
and work, what is the thermodynamic process that
the gas undergoes called?
A. adiabatic
B. isothermal
C. isovolumetric
D. isobaric

Chapter 10
Multiple Choice
1. If there is no change in the internal energy of a gas,
even though energy is transferred to the gas as heat
and work, what is the thermodynamic process that
the gas undergoes called?
A. adiabatic
B. isothermal
C. isovolumetric
D. isobaric

Chapter 10
Multiple Choice, continued

2. To calculate the efficiency of a heat engine, which
thermodynamic property does not need to be known?
F. the energy transferred as heat to the engine

G. the energy transferred as heat from the engine
H. the change in the internal energy of the engine
J. the work done by the engine

Chapter 10

2. To calculate the efficiency of a heat engine, which
thermodynamic property does not need to be known?
F. the energy transferred as heat to the engine

G. the energy transferred as heat from the engine
H. the change in the internal energy of the engine
J. the work done by the engine

Chapter 10

3. In which of the following processes is no work done?
A. Water is boiled in a pressure cooker.

B. A refrigerator is used to freeze water.
C. An automobile engine operates for several
minutes.
D. A tire is inflated with an air pump.

Chapter 10

3. In which of the following processes is no work done?
A. Water is boiled in a pressure cooker.

B. A refrigerator is used to freeze water.
C. An automobile engine operates for several
minutes.
D. A tire is inflated with an air pump.

Chapter 10

4. A thermodynamic process occurs in which the entropy of a
system decreases. From the second law of
thermodynamics, what can you conclude about the
entropy change of the environment?
F. The entropy of the environment decreases.

G. The entropy of the environment increases.
H. The entropy of the environment remains unchanged.
J. There is not enough information to state what
happens to the environment’s entropy.

Chapter 10

4. A thermodynamic process occurs in which the entropy of a
system decreases. From the second law of
thermodynamics, what can you conclude about the
entropy change of the environment?
F. The entropy of the environment decreases.

G. The entropy of the environment increases.
H. The entropy of the environment remains unchanged.
J. There is not enough information to state what
happens to the environment’s entropy.

Chapter 10

Use the passage and diagrams to answer questions 5–8.
A system consists of steam within the confines of a steam engine,
whose cylinder and piston are shown in the figures below.
5. Which of the figures
describes a situation in
which U < 0, Q < 0, and
W = 0?
A. (a)
B. (b)
C. (c)
D. (d)

Chapter 10

which U < 0, Q < 0, and
W = 0?
A. (a)
B. (b)
C. (c)
D. (d)

Chapter 10

which U > 0, Q = 0, and
W < 0?
F. (a)
G. (b)
H. (c)
J. (d)

Chapter 10

which U > 0, Q = 0, and
W < 0?
F. (a)
G. (b)
H. (c)
J. (d)

Chapter 10

which U < 0, Q = 0, and
W > 0?
A. (a)
B. (b)
C. (c)
D. (d)

Chapter 10

which U < 0, Q = 0, and
W > 0?
A. (a)
B. (b)
C. (c)
D. (d)

Chapter 10

which U > 0, Q > 0, and
W = 0?
F. (a)
G. (b)
H. (c)
J. (d)

Chapter 10

which U > 0, Q > 0, and
W = 0?
F. (a)
G. (b)
H. (c)
J. (d)

Chapter 10

9. A power plant has a power output of 1055 MW and
operates with an efficiency of 0.330. Excess energy
is carried away as heat from the plant to a nearby
river. How much energy is transferred away from the
power plant as heat?
A. 0.348  109 J/s

B. 0.520  109 J/s
C. 0.707  109 J/s
D. 2.14  109 J/s

Chapter 10

9. A power plant has a power output of 1055 MW and
operates with an efficiency of 0.330. Excess energy
is carried away as heat from the plant to a nearby
river. How much energy is transferred away from the
power plant as heat?
A. 0.348  109 J/s

B. 0.520  109 J/s
C. 0.707  109 J/s
D. 2.14  109 J/s

Chapter 10

10. How much work must be done by air pumped into a
tire if the tire’s volume increases from 0.031 m3 to
0.041 m3 and the net, constant pressure of the air is
300.0 kPa?
F. 3.0  102 J
G. 3.0  103 J
H. 3.0  104 J
J. 3.0  105 J

Chapter 10

10. How much work must be done by air pumped into a
tire if the tire’s volume increases from 0.031 m3 to
0.041 m3 and the net, constant pressure of the air is
300.0 kPa?
F. 3.0  102 J
G. 3.0  103 J
H. 3.0  104 J
J. 3.0  105 J

Chapter 10
Short Response
Use the passage below to answer questions 11–12.
An air conditioner is left running on a table in the middle

of the room, so none of the air that passes through the
air conditioner is transferred to outside the room.
11. Does passing air through the air conditioner affect

the temperature of the room? (Ignore the thermal
effects of the motor running the compressor.)

Chapter 10
Short Response
An air conditioner is left running on a table in the middle of

the room, so none of the air that passes through the air
conditioner is transferred to outside the room.
11. Does passing air through the air conditioner affect

the temperature of the room? (Ignore the thermal
effects of the motor running the compressor.)
Answer: No, because the energy removed from the cooled

air is returned to the room.

Chapter 10
Short Response, continued


12. Taking the compressor motor into account, what

would happen to the temperature of the room?

Chapter 10


12. Taking the compressor motor into account, what

would happen to the temperature of the room?
Answer: The temperature increases.

Chapter 10

13. If 1600 J of energy are transferred as heat to an
engine and 1200 J are transferred as heat away
from the engine to the surrounding air, what is the
efficiency of the engine?

Chapter 10

13. If 1600 J of energy are transferred as heat to an
engine and 1200 J are transferred as heat away
from the engine to the surrounding air, what is the
efficiency of the engine?
Answer: 0.25

Chapter 10
Extended Response
14. How do the temperature of combustion and the
temperatures of coolant and exhaust affect the
efficiency of automobile engines?

Chapter 10
Extended Response
14. How do the temperature of combustion and the
temperatures of coolant and exhaust affect the
efficiency of automobile engines?
Answer: The greater the temperature difference is, the

greater is the amount of energy transferred as heat. For
efficiency to increase, the heat transferred between the
combustion reaction and the engine (Qh) should be made
to increase, whereas the energy given up as waste heat to
the coolant and exhaust (Qc) should be made to decrease.

Chapter 10
Extended Response, continued

Use the information below to answer questions 15–18. In each
problem, show all of your work.
A steam shovel raises 450.0 kg of dirt a vertical distance of 8.6 m.

The steam shovel’s engine provides 2.00  105 J of energy as heat
for the steam shovel to lift the dirt.
15. How much work is done by

the steam shovel in lifting the
dirt?

Chapter 10


15. How much work is done by

the steam shovel in lifting the
dirt?
Answer: 3.8  104 J

Chapter 10


16. What is the efficiency of the

steam shovel?

Chapter 10


16. What is the efficiency of the

steam shovel?
Answer: 0.19

Chapter 10


17. Assuming there is no change

in the internal energy of the
steam shovel’s engine, how
much energy is given up by
the shovel as waste heat?

Chapter 10


17. Assuming there is no change

in the internal energy of the
steam shovel’s engine, how
much energy is given up by the
shovel as waste heat?
Answer: 1.62  105 J

Chapter 10


18. Suppose the internal energy

of the steam shovel’s engine
increases by 5.0  103 J. How
much energy is given up now
as waste heat?

Chapter 10


18. Suppose the internal energy

of the steam shovel’s engine
increases by 5.0  103 J. How
much energy is given up now
as waste heat?
Answer: 1.57  105 J

Chapter 10

19. One way to look at heat and work is to think of
energy transferred as heat as a “disorganized” form
of energy and energy transferred as work as an
“organized” form. Use this interpretation to show
that the increased order obtained by freezing
water is less than the total disorder that results
from the freezer used to form the ice.

Chapter 10

19. One way to look at heat and work is to think of
energy transferred as heat as a “disorganized” form
of energy and energy transferred as work as an
“organized” form. Use this interpretation to show
that the increased order obtained by freezing
water is less than the total disorder that results
from the freezer used to form the ice.
Answer: Disorganized energy is removed from water to
form ice, but a greater amount of organized energy
must become disorganized to operate the freezer.

Entropy

Energy Changes Produced by a Refrigerator

Freezing Water

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts

Transparencies Sample Problems

Standardized Test Prep

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Relationships Between Heat and Work

Section 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Section 3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Compute the amount of work done during a

• Distinguish between isovolumetric, isothermal, and

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Heat, Work, and Internal Energy

• A system is a set of particles or interacting components

• The environment the combination of conditions and

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Heat, Work, and Internal Energy, continued

• This definition assumes that P is constant.

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Heat, Work, and Internal Energy, continued

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Heat, Work, and Internal Energy, continued

• Although the pressure can change during a process,

• A situation in which pressure increases and volume

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• An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process

• An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process

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• Calculate heat, work, and the change in internal

• Apply the first law of thermodynamics to describe

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Energy Conservation, continued

• The first law of thermodynamics can be expressed

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