Determination of Structural Form: Simplicity and Symmetry

2.
DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL FORM

Simplicity and symmetry. Earthquakes repeatedly demonstrate that the simplest structures
have the greatest chance of survival, due to the fact that overall earthquake behavior of a
structure as well as its structural details is markedly greater for a simple one than for a
complex one.
Symmetry is desirable in both directions on plan. Lack of symmetry produces torsional effects
which are tedious and difficult to assess properly and which can be very destructive.
2. DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL FORM
Overall shape should not be elongated. The longer a building is in plan, the more chance there is
of different earthquake movements being applied simultaneously to the two ends of it, a
situation which may produce disastrous results. If for a given plan area, a square plan shape is
not satisfactory for architectural reasons, then two or more separate buildings may be the
answer. This is sometimes done by slicing a long building into sections with movement-gaps
between. But this could be a partial solution because of the difficulty of properly detailing the
gaps, which have to be 100 mm or more in width to prevent adjacent sections of the building
battering each other.
For simple rules for plan layouts of aseismic buildings, please refer to Figure 2.1.
For the elevation it seems reasonable to suggest a limited slenderness for most buildings:
Height-to-width should not exceed 3 or 4. The more slender a building, the worse the
overturning effects of an earthquake and the greater the earthquake stresses in the outer
columns, particularly the overturning compressive forces which can be very difficult to deal
with.
Refer to Figure 2.2 for simple rules on elevation shapes of aseismic buildings.
DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL FORM
DO DON’T COMMENTS
Ideal for behavior and analysis
Good symmetry, analysis less easy

Beware of differential behavior at opposite
ends of long buildings
Bad for asymmetrical effects
Although symmetrical long wings give
behavior prediction problems
Projecting access towers. Problems with
analysis and detailing
Asymmetry of members resisting horizontal
shear. Analysis and torsion problems
Figure 2.1. Simple rules for plan layouts of aseismic buildings. (Only with dynamic
analysis and careful detailing should these rules be broken)
DO DON’T COMMENTS
b Very slender buildings have
b
excessive horizontal deflections
h>4b
h<4b
Effects of façade setbacks cannot

be predicted by normal code
equivalent static analyses
Figure 2.2. Simple rules for elevation shapes of aseismic buildings. (Only
with dynamic analysis and careful detailing should these rules be broken)
Structure Configuration Requirements. If for any other reasons the structure becomes
structurally regular or irregular, each structure shall be clearly defined in accordance with the
provisions of Sections 208.4.5.1 and 208.4.5.2 of the NSCP 5 th Edition as follows:
 Regular structures have no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical
configuration or in their lateral-force-resisting systems.
 Irregular structures have significant physical discontinuities in configuration or in their
lateral-force-resisting systems in vertical and plan configurations.
Vertical irregularities as defined in NSCP Table 208-9 can be divided into two categories as:
 Dynamic force distribution irregularity that includes Types 1, 2 and 3 irregularities. This
category requires that the distribution of lateral forces be determined by combined
dynamic modes of vibration. For regular structures without abrupt changes in stiffness
or mass (I.e., structures without “vertical structural irregularities”), this shape can be
assumed to be linearly-varying or a triangular shape as represented by the code force
distribution pattern. However, for irregular structures, the pattern can be significantly
different and must be determined by the combined mode shapes from the dynamic analysis
procedure and thereby bypass the checks for vertical irregularity Types 1, 2 and 3.
 Irregularity in load path or force transfer that includes Types 4 and 5. When this
irregularity exists, there is the possibility of having localized concentrations of excessive
inelastic deformations due to irregular load path or weak story. In this case, the code
prescribes additional strengthening to correct the deficiencies.
The five vertical irregularities are as follows:
 Type 1. Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Story. A soft story is one in which the lateral stiffness
is less than 70% of that in the story above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of
the three stories above.
 Type 2. Weight (mass) Irregularity. Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where
the effective mass of any story is more than 150% of the effective mass of an adjacent
story. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered.
 Type 3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity. Vertical geometric irregularity shall be
considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system
in any story is more than 130% of that in adjacent story. One-story penthouses need not
be considered.
 Type 4. In-Plane Discontinuity In Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting System. An in-plane
offset of the lateral-force-resisting elements is greater than the length of those elements.
 Type 5. Discontinuity in Capacity – Weak Story. A weak story is one in which the storey
strength is less than 80% of that in the story above. The story strength is the total
strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing the story for the direction under
consideration.
Example Problem 2.1. A six-story concrete SMRF is shown below. The specified lateral forces
Fx from NSCP equations 208-14 and 208-15 were used and the corresponding displacement Dx
at the floor center of mass were found as shown.
Determine the type of vertical irregularity that exists in the first story, if any.
A B C Solution and discussion:

8000 8000
Based on the given information, since
Ft+F6 Roof
S6 =
displacement at the floor center of mass
57.24 mm is specified, this can be related to
3000
F5 6th stiffness irregularity; that is, if a soft

S5 =
51.31 mm
story exi.sts in the structure.
3000
F4 5th
S4 =
To determine if this is a true case of
44.45 mm Type 1 vertical irregularity, two tests
3000
F3 4th can be performed.

S3 =
36.83 mm
3000
F2 3rd
S2 =
27.43 mm
3000
F1 2nd
S1 =
18.03 mm
3500
GF
TYPICAL ELEVATION
 The story stiffness is less than 70% of that of the story above.
 The story stiffness is less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories above.
If the stiffness of the story meets at least one of the above tests, the structure is considered to
have a soft story, and a dynamic analysis is generally required per Section 208.4.8.3 item 2,
unless the irregular structure is not more than five stories or 20 meters in height per Section
208.4.8.3 item 3.
From the given displacements. Storey drifts and the story drift ratio values are determined.
Commentary: The story drift ratio is the story drift divided by the story height. These will be used
for the required comparisons since these better represent the changes in the slope of the mode
shape when there are significant differences in interstory height. (Note: storey displacements can
be used if the story heights are nearly equal).
In terms of the calculated story drift ratios, the soft story occurs when one of the following
conditions exists, by expressing the two tests in mathematical form, as follows:
 S   S  S1 
(a) When 0 . 70  1    2 
h
 1   h 2 
or
 S  1  S  S1   S3  S2   S4  S3  
(b) When 0.80  1    2        
h
 1  3  h2   h3   h4 
Calculate the story drift ratios for the adjacent stories of the first story.
 S1  18 .03  0
    0 .00515
h
 1  3500
 S2  S1  27 . 43  18 .03
    0 .00313
 h 2  3000
 S3  S2  36 . 83  27 . 43
    0 . 00313
 h3  3000
 S4  S3  44 .45  36 . 83
    0 . 00254
 h 4  3000
Take the average of the three stories above the first story.
1  S2  S1   S3  S2   S4  S3 

Check either of the two tests:          
3  h2   h3   h4 
(a) 0 .70 ( 00 . 515 )  0 .00360  0 .00313

0 .00313  0 .00313  0 .00254
hence, soft story exists  0 .00293
3
or
(b) 0.80 ( 0.00515)  0.00412  0 .00293

likewise, soft story exists
As a general practice, the tabulation is created to check all stories unless a dynamic analysis is
performed.
Avg o f
Sto ry Sto ry Sto ry Drift
Sto ry SDR o f So ft Sto ry
Sto ry Disp He ig ht Ra tio 70% SDR 80% SDR
Drift ne xt 3 Sta tus
(m m ) (m m ) [SDR]
sto rie s
6th 57.24 3000 5.93 0.00198 0.00139 0.00158 - -
5th 51.31 3000 6.86 0.00229 0.00160 0.00183 - no
4th 44.45 3000 7.62 0.00254 0.00178 0.00203 - no
3rd 36.83 3000 9.40 0.00313 0.00219 0.00250 0.00227 ye s
2nd 27.43 3000 9.40 0.00313 0.00219 0.00250 0.00265 no
1st 18.03 3500 18.03 0.00515 0.00361 0.00412 0.00293 ye s
Example Problem 2.2. A five-story special moment frame office building has a heavy utility
equipment installation at 3rd floor. This results in the floor weight distribution shown below.
Determine the type of vertical irregularity that exists in the structure, if any.
A B C
8000 8000
W 6= Roof
350 kN
3000
W 5= 5th
500 kN
3000
W 4= 4th
500 kN
3000
W 3= 3rd
800 kN
3000 W 2= 2nd
400 kN
3500
GF
Solution and discussion: TYPICAL ELEVATION
Based on the given information, Type 2 vertical weight (mass) irregularity need to be checked.
Solution and discussion:
Based on the given information, vertical weight (mass) irregularity need to be checked. Check
the effective mass of Level 3 against the effective mass of Levels 2 and 4.
at level 2 A B C
1 . 50 W2  1 . 50 ( 400 ) 8000 8000
1 . 50 W2  600 kN W 6= Roof
350 kN
3000
5th
W3  800 kN  600 kN W 5=
500 kN
3000
hence, weight irregulari ty exists
W 4= 4th
500 kN
3000
at level 4
W 3= 3rd
1 . 50 W4  1 .50 ( 500 ) 800 kN
3000
1 . 50 W4  750 kN 2nd
W 2=
400 kN
3500
W3  800 kN  750 kN
GF
hence, weight irregulari ty exists
TYPICAL ELEVATION
Commentary: The more than 130% change in the width of the lateral force-resisting system
between adjacent stories could result in a primary mode shape that is substantially different from
the triangular shape assumed for NSCP Eq. 208-15. If the change is a decrease in width of the
upper story (which is the usual situation), the mode shape difference can be mitigated by
designing for an increased stiffness in the storey with a reduced width.
Similarly, if the width decrease is in the lower adjacent story (which is unusual), this leads to Type
1 soft story irregularity and this can be avoided by a proportional increase in the stiffness of the
lower story. However, this situation could cause an overturning moment load transfer
discontinuity and shall be proportioned in accordance with the provision of Section 208.5.8.1.
Example Problem 2.3. The lateral force-resisting system of the four-storey special moment
frame building shown below has a 7.50m setback at the 3 rd and 4th stories.
Solution and discussion: A B C D E

7500 7500 7500 7500
Based on the given
Roof
information, by inspection,
3000
Type 3 vertical geometric 4th
irregularity exists.
3000
In this example, the setback 3rd
of Level 4 must be checked.
3000
The ratio of the two levels 2nd
(Levels 3 and 4) is calculated
3500
as GF
TYPICAL ELEVATION
width of level 3 30
  1 . 333
width of level 4 22.5
or, 133 .3 %  130 %
hence, vertical geometric irregulari ty exists
Example Problem 2.4. A concrete building has the building frame system as shown below. The
shear wall between lines A and B has an in-plane offset from the shear wall between lines C
and D.
A B C D
Solution and discussion: 7500 7500 7500
Based on the given information, by Roof
inspection, Type 4 vertical irregularity SHEAR
3500
WALL
exists, that is, in-plane discontinuity in 4th
the vertical lateral-force-resisting system.
3500
7500
In this example, there is an in-plane offset 3rd
of the lateral-force resisting elements 15000 SHEAR
3500
which is greater than the length of those 2nd
WALL
elements. The left side of the upper shear

wall (lines A and B) is offset 15 m from
3500
the left side of the lower shear wall (lines GF
(C and D). This 15 m offset is greater TYPICAL ELEVATION

than the 7.50 m length of the offset wall
elements.
Commentary: The intent of this irregularity check is to provide correction of force transfer or
load path deficiencies. It should be noted that any in-plane offset, even those less or equal to the
length or bay width of the resisting element, can result in an overturning moment load transfer
discontinuity that requires application of Section 208.5.8.1.(elements supporting discontinuous
system)
When the offset exceeds the length of the resisting element (as in this example), there is also a
shear transfer discontinuity that requires application of Section 208.8.2.5(collector element) for
the strength of collector elements along the offset. In this example, the columns under wall A-B
are subject to the provisions of Sections 208.5.8.1 and 421.5.4.5, and the collector element
between lines B and C at Level 3 is subject to provisions of Section 208.8.2.5.
Example Problem 2.5. A concrete bearing wall building has the typical transverse shear wall
configuration shown below. All walls in this direction are identical, and the individual piers
have the shear contribution given in the table below. Vn is the nominal shear strength
calculated in accordance with NSCP Section 421.7.4 and V m is the shear strength
corresponding to the development of the nominal flexure strength calculated in accordance
with NSCP Section 421.7.5.
Pier Vn (kN) Vm (kN)
1 20 30
Roof 2 30 40
3 15 10
3500
3rd 4 20 15
3500
5 6 7
2nd Pier Vn (kN) Vm (kN)
5 80 120
3500
1 2 3 4
GF 6 15 10
TYPICAL ELEVATION 7 20 15
Based on the given information, by inspection, Type 5 vertical irregularity, discontinuity in
capacity – weak story, need to be checked.
In this example, a weak story is one in which the storey strength is less than 80% of that in the
story above. The story strength is the total strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing the
story for the direction under consideration.
Using the smaller values Vn and Vm of given for each pier, the story strengths are
1st story strength   smaller of Vn and Vm of ground floor piers

1st story strength  20  30  10  15  75 kN
2nd story strength   smaller of Vn and Vm of second floor piers

2nd story strength  80  10  15  105 kN
Check the 1st story strength if less than 80% of that of 2nd story strength
1st story strength  0.8 * (2nd story strength) ???

75 kN  0.8(105)  84 kN
hence, weak story condition exists
Commentary: The irregularity check is to detect any concentration of inelastic behavior in one
supporting story that can lead to the loss of vertical load capacity. Elements subject to this check
are the shear wall piers, bracing members and their connections, and frame columns.
Because a weak story is not allowed for structures greater than two two stories or 9 m in height,
the 1st story piers in this example must either be strengthened by a factor of 84/75=1.12, or
designed for W0 times the forces prescribed in Section 208.5.
Plan irregularities as defined in NSCP Table 208-10 can be categorized as being
either special response conditions or cases of irregular load path. The five types of
plan irregularities are:
 Type 1. Torsional Irregularity. This type is considered when diaphragms are
not flexible. Torsional irregularity shall be considered to exist when the
maximum storey drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the
structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the story
drifts of the two ends of the structure. When the ratio of maximum drift to
average drift exceeds the given limit, there is the potential for an unbalance in
the inelastic deformation demands at the two extreme sides of a story. As a
consequence, the equivalent stiffness of the side having maximum
deformation will be reduced, and the eccentricity between the centers of mass
(CM) and rigidity (CR) will be increased along with the corresponding torsions.
An amplification factor Ax is to be applied to the accidental eccentricity to
represent the effects of this unbalanced stiffness, given by the expression
2
  max 
A x   NSCP  208-16
eq.
 3 .0
 1 . 2  avg 
where,
davg = the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the
structure at level x.
dmax = the maximum displacement at level x.
 Type 2. Re-entrant Corners. Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-
force-resisting system contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of
the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than 15% of the plan
dimension of the structure in the given direction. The opening and closing
deformation response or flapping action of the projecting legs of the building
plan adjacent to re-entrant corners can result in concentrated forces at the
corner point. Elements must be provided to transfer these forces into the
diaphragms.
 Type 3. Diaphragm Discontinuity. Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations

in stiffness, including those having cut-out or open areas greater than 50% of the gross
enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more
than 50% from one storey to the next. Excessive openings in a diaphragm can result in a
flexible diaphragm response along with force concentrations and load path deficiencies
at the boundaries of the openings. Elements must be provided to transfer the forces into
the diaphragm and the structural system.
 Type 4. Out-of-Plane Offsets. This type describes discontinuities in a lateral force path,
such out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements. In this case, shears and overturning
moments must be transferred from the level above the offset to the level below the
offset, and there is a horizontal “offset” in the load path for the shears.
 Type 5. Nonparallel Systems. The vertical lateral-force-resisting elements are not parallel
to or symmetric about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral-force systems. The
response deformations and load patterns on a system with nonparallel lateral-force-
resisting elements can have significant differences from that of a regular system.
Further analysis of deformation and load behavior may be necessary.
Example Problem 2.6. A four-story special moment resisting frame building has rigid floor
diaphragms. Under specified seismic forces, including effects of accidental torsion, it has the
following displacements at Levels 2 and 3.
A B
4.
8000
Roof
3000
4th
3000
3rd R,2 = 48.5 mm

L,2 = 33 mm dL,2 = 33 mm dR,2 = 48.5 mm
3000
2nd dL,1 = 25 mm dR,1 = 30.5 mm

R,1 = 30.5 mm
L,1 = 25 mm
3500
GF
TYPICAL ELEVATION
Determine the type of plan irregularity that exists at the third level, if any.
Compute the torsional amplification factor Ax for Level 3.
Based on the given information, by inspection, Type 1 plan irregularity, torsional
irregularity seems to have existed in the system particularly at the second story and
need to be checked.
This irregularity check is defined in terms of storey drift
 x   x   x  1
at ends R (right) and L (left) sides of the structure. Torsional irregularity exists at
level x when   R, x L, x
 max   R, x  1 .2
where 2
 L, 2   L, 2   L,1
 max  1 .2 (  avg )
 R, 2   R, 2   R,1
 R, x   L, x
 avg 
2
 L, 3   L, 3   L, 2  33  25
determining story drifts at level 3
 L, 3  8 mm
 R, 3   R, 3   R, 2  48 .5  30 . 5
 R, 3  18 mm
 R, x   L, x 18  8
 avg  
2 2
 avg  13 mm
checking the criterion for torsional irregularity
 max
 1 .2
 avg
 max  R, 2 18
   1 . 385  1 . 2
 avg  avg 13
thence, torsional irregularity exists in the third level.
Compute the amplification factor Ax for level 3.
When torsional irregularity exists at a certain level x, the accidental eccentricity (equal to 5%
of the building dimension) must be increased by an amplification factor Ax. This must be done
for each level, and each level may have a different Ax value.
2
  max NSCP eq. 208-16
where A x     3 .0

 1 .2  avg 
 max   R, 3  48 .5 mm
 R, 3   L, 3 48 . 5  33
 avg  
2 2
 avg values
substituting  40 . 75 mm
obtained
2
 48 . 5 
Ax     3 .0
 1 . 2 ( 40 . 75 ) 
A x  0 .984  1 .0
use A x  1 . 0
As a general practice, the tabulation is created to check all stories.
Sto ry d isp l, m m Sto ry d rift, mm Avg SD @  ma x/ Irre g ula rity

Le ve l
@ Line 1 @ Line 3 @ Line 1 @ Line 3 le ve l  a vg c he c k
Ro o f
4th
3rd 33 48.5 8 18 13 1.385 ye s
2nd 25 30.5 25 30.5 27.75 1.099 no
GF 0 0
Example Problem 2.7. The plan configuration of a ten-story special moment frame
building is as shown below.
Determine the type of plan irregularity that exists, if any.
A B C 37500 D E F
7500 7500 7500 7500 7500
5
6000
4
6000
24000
3
6000
2
6000
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

Based on the given information, by inspection, Type 2, re-entrant corner need to be checked.
The plan configuration of this building, and its lateral force resisting system, have identical re-
entrant corner dimensions.
For the sides on lines 1 and 5, the projection beyond the re-entrant corner is
dim line 5  dim line 1  37 . 5  30 . 0  7 . 5 m

7.5
or, this is or 20% of the 37.5 m plan dimension
37.5
For the sides on lines A and F, the projection beyond the re-entrant corner is
dim lineA  dim lineF  24 .0  18 . 0  6 .0 m

6.0
or, this is
since both projections exceed or 25% of the 24.0 m plan dimension
24.015%, then there is a re-entrant corner irregularity in the system.
Commentary: Whenever Type 2 re-entrant corner plan irregularity exists, the provisions of
Section 208.8.2.8 items 6 and 7 shall apply.
Example Problem 2.8. A five-story concrete building has a bearing wall system
located around the perimeter of the building. Lateral forces are resisted by the
bearing walls acting as shear walls. The floor plan of the second floor of the building
is shown below. The symmetrically placed open area in the diaphragm is for an
atrium, and has dimensions of 12 m x 23 m. All diaphragms above the second floor
are without significant openings.
A B 38000 C D
7500 23000 7500
6000
3
24000
12000
2
6000
Determine the type of plan 1irregularity that exists at the second floor level, if any.
Based on the given information, by inspection, Type 3, diaphragm discontinuity irregularity
need to be checked.
Analyzing the plan configuration
gross enclosed area of the diaphragm is
A gross ,diaph  24 * 38  912 m 2
area of opening is
A opening  12 * 23  276 m 2
get 50% of the gross area:

0 . 5 A gross ,diaph  0 . 5 ( 912 )  456 m 2  276 m 2
based on the computed areas, there is no diaphragm discontinuity irregularity that exists.
Commentary: The stiffness of the second floor diaphragm with its opening must be compared
with the stiffness of the solid diaphragm at the third floor. If the change in stiffness exceeds 50%,
then a diaphragm discontinuity irregularity exists for the structure.
Example Problem 2.9. A four-story building has a concrete shear wall lateral force resisting
system configuration. The plan configuration of the shear walls is shown below.
A B C D E
F
30000
7500 7500 7500 7500
Solution and discussion: 3
An out-of-plane offset plan
7500
irregularity exists when
there are discontinuities in
15000
2
a lateral force path, for 1 2 3
7500
example, out-of-plane
offsets of vertical resisting
3000
1
elements such as shear TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
3000
walls. The first story shear A B C D E
F
3000
wall on line D has 7.5 m out- 7500 7500
30000
7500 7500
of-plane offset to the shear 3000 3
wall on line E at the second

story and above.
7500
ELEVATION LINE E
Therefore, obviously, this
15000
2
constitutes an out-of-plane
offset irregularity.
7500
Determine the type of plan irregularity that exists between the first and second stories, if any.
1
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Example Problem 2.10. A ten-story building has the floor plan shown below at all levels.
Special moment resisting frames are located on the perimeter of the building on Lines 1, 4, A
and F.
A B C D E
30000 F
7500 7500 7500 7500
4
The vertical lateral force-
resisting frame elements
7500
located on line F are not

3 parallel to the major
orthogonal axes of the
building (I.e., lines 4 and
22500
7500
A).
2 Therefore, a nonparallel
system irregularity exists.
7500
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
Determine
1 the type of plan irregularity that exists, if any.
Uniform and continuous distribution of strength. This concept is closely related to that of
simplicity and symmetry. The structure will have a maximum chance of surviving an
earthquake if:
 the load bearing members are uniformly distributed;
 all columns and walls are continuous and without offsets from roof to foundation;
 all beams are free of offsets;
 columns and beams are coaxial;
 reinforced concrete columns and beams are nearly the same width;
 no principal members change section suddenly; and
 the structure is as continuous (redundant) and monolithic as possible.
For simple rule for vertical frames in aseismic buildings, refer to Figure 2.3.
DO DON’T COMMENTS
Avoid low redundancy of
cantilevers; no fail-safe
mechanism
Avoid changes of stiffness with
height. Problem with analysis
and detailing
Remarks as above; ‘Soft
storey’ demonstrably
vulnerable
Figure 2.3. Simple rules for vertical frames in aseismic buildings. (Only
with dynamic analysis and careful detailing should these rules be
broken)
2.2 Horizontal and vertical members. In framed building it is a fundamental earthquake
requirement that horizontal members should fail before vertical members. It is a very
important life-saver in that it postpones complete collapse of a structure. Beams and slabs
generally do not fall down even after severe damage at plastic hinge positions, whereas
columns will rapidly collapse under their vertical loading once sufficient spalling has taken
place.
For simple rule on widths of beams and columns of aseismic reinforced concrete buildings,
refer to Figure 2.4.
DO DON’T COMMENTS
Width of beams should
not greatly exceed
supporting columns.
Continuity problems.
Figure 2.4. Simple rule for widths of beams and columns in aseismic
reinforced concrete buildings. (Only with dynamic analysis and careful
detailing should these rules be broken)
DO DON’T COMMENTS
Beams should fail
CO LUM N
CO LUM N
before columns to
BEAM
BEAM maximize energy
absorption before
collapse.
Figure 2.5. Simple rule for relationship between column and beam strengths in
aseismic reinforced concrete buildings. (Only with dynamic analysis and careful
detailing should these rules be broken)
2.3 Stiff structures versus flexible. If the local ground motion is largely in frequencies close to the
natural frequency of the building, then the structure will take the maximum punishment. If the
local sub-soil will filter out much of the frequency ground motion then a stiff structure should
be subjected to lower seismic forces than a flexible structure, and vice versa.
Type Advantages Disadvantages

• Specially suitable for short period • High response on long period
sites, for buildings with long periods sites
• Ductility arguably easier to achieve • Flexible framed reinforced
• More amenable to analysis concrete is difficult to reinforce
Flexible • Non-structure may invalidate
Structures analysis
• Non-structure difficult to detail
• Suitable for long period sites • High response on short period

Stiff • Easier to reinforce stiff reinforced sites
Structures concrete (i.e., with shear wall) • Appropriate ductility not easy
• Non-structure easier to detail to achieve
• Less amenable to analysis
2.4 Choice of Structural Materials
In the determination of the form of superstructure the choice of material is often an important
factor. These structural materials are usually dictated by availability, or political or economic
considerations. In terms of earthquake resistance, the best materials should have the following
properties:
 high ductility;
 high strength/weight ratio;
 homogeneity;
 orthotropy; and
 ease in making full strength connections.
The following table in the next slide illustrates the applicability of the major structural
materials to buildings.
Type of Building
High-rise Medium-rise Low-rise
Best • Steel • Steel • Timber
• In-situ reinforced • In-situ reinforced • In-situ reinforced
concrete concrete concrete
• Good precast • Steel
concrete* • Prestressed
• Prestressed concrete
Structural concrete • Good reinforced
materials in • Good reinforced masonry*
approximate
masonry* • Precast concrete
order of
suitability • Primitive
reinforced
Worst masonry
*These materials only just qualify for inclusion in the medium-rise bracket. Indeed many
earthquake engineers would not use either materials.
2.5 Effect of Non-structure
In considering the form of a structure, it is important to be aware that some items which are
normally non-structural become structurally very responsive in earthquakes. This means
anything which will interfere with the free deformations of the structure during an
earthquake. In buildings the principal elements concerned are cladding, perimeter infill walls,
and internal partitions. Where these elements are made of very flexible materials, they will not
affect the structure significantly. However, it is often desirable for non-structural reasons to
construct them of still materials such as precast concrete or blocks or bricks. Such elements
can have a significant effect on the behavior and safety of the structure. Although, these
elements may be carrying little vertical load, they can act as shear walls in an earthquake with
the following important effects:
 reduce the natural period of vibration of the structure, hence, changing the intake of
seismic energy and changing the seismic stresses of the “official” structure;
 redistribute the lateral stiffness of the structure, hence, changing the stress distribution;
 cause premature failure of the structure in shear or by pounding;
 suffer excessive damage themselves due to shear forces or pounding.
The more flexible the basic structure is, the worse the above effects will be; and they will be
particularly dangerous when the distribution of such ‘non-structural’ elements is asymmetric
or not the same on successive floors.
2.6 Form of Substructure
The basic rule regarding the earthquake resistance of substructure is that integral action in
earthquakes should be obtained. This requires adequate consideration of the dynamic
response characteristics of the superstructure and of the subsoil. If a good seismic-resistant
form has been chosen for the superstructure then at least the plan form of the substructure is
like to be sound, i.e.:
 vertical loading will be symmetrical;
 overturning effects will not be too large;
 the structure will not be too long in plan.
As with non-seismic design, the nature of the subsoil will determine the minimum depth of
foundations. In earthquake areas, this will involve consideration of the following factors:
 transmission of horizontal base shears from the structure to the soil;
 provision of earthquake overturning moments (e.g. tension piles);
 differential settlements;
 liquefaction of the subsoil;
 the effects of embedment on seismic response.
Three basic types of building foundations may be:

 discrete pads;
 continuous rafts;
 piled foundations.
3. DETERMINATION OF STATIC FORCE
3.1 Design Procedures using Equivalent-Static Force Analyses
Where dynamic analysis may not be very tedious, it is desirable to establish suitable
equivalent-static forces expressed as coefficients of gravity. Such coefficients (sometimes called
the seismic design factors) should preferably be determined depending on the location of the
site, occupancy of the structure, complexity and form of the structure and material type of the
structure.
Calculation of design base shear
Example Problem 3.1. Determine the design base shear for a five-storey concrete special
moment-resisting frame building, given the following information:
6000 6000 6000
 Structure is located in Zone 4;
5000
 Seismic source type: A
 Distance to seismic source = 10 km
5000
 Soil profile type: Sc
 Occupancy importance: Standard
5000
 Weight each level, including self weight
= 1500 kN
5000
5000
Determine the structure period T using Method A: refer to Section 208.5.2.2 NSCP 5th
T  C t ( hn ) 3 NSCP
/4 eq. 208-8
where,
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced
frames
T  0 . 0731 ( 25 ) 3 / 4
hn = 25 m
T  0 . 817 sec
Find near-source factors Na and Nv from Tables 208-4 and 208-5 for Seismic Source Type A
and distance to seismic source of 10 km.
Na  1 . 0
Nv  1 . 2
Commentary: The near source factor used to determine need not exceed 1.10 for structures
complying with the requirements outlined under Section 208.4.4.2.
Determine seismic coefficients Ca and Cv from Tables 208-7 and 208-8 for soil profile Sc and
Zone 4.
where, in Zone 4, Z = 0.40 from Table 208-3.
C a  0 . 40 Na ; C v  0 .56 Nv
C a  0 . 40 ( 1 .0 ); C v  0 .56 (1 .2 )
Determine the base shear, V:
C a  0 . 40 ; C v  0 . 672
NSCP
C I eq. 208-4
V v W
RT
where, R = 8.5 from Table 208-11, item 3.1b
W = 5(1500) = 7500 kN
then, the total design base shear in a given direction is 0 . 672 (1 . 0 )
V ( 7500 )
( 8 . 5 )( 0 . 817 )
V  725 . 754 kN
But the Code indicates that the total base shear need not exceed the following:
2 .5 C a I NSCP eq. 208-5
V W
R 2 . 5 ( 0 .4 )( 1 .0 )
V ( 7500 )
8 .5
V  882 .353 kN
And that the base shear shall not be less than:
NSCP eq. 208-6
V  0 . 11C a IW
V  0 . 11( 0 . 40 )( 1 .0 )( 7500 )
V
And in Zone 4, the total design base shear 330likewise
shall kN be not less than:
NSCP eq. 208-7
0 . 8 ZNv I
V W
0 . 8 ( 0 . 4 )( 1 . 2 )( 1 . 0 )
R V  ( 7500 )
8 .5
Therefore, the governing design base shear
V  is:
338 . 824 kN
V  725 .754 kN
3. DETERMINATION OF STATIC FORCE( Using Simplified Method)
Example Problem 3.2. Determine the design base shear and the design lateral forces for a two-
storey reinforced concrete special moment-resisting frame office building, given the following
information:
6000 6000  Storey weight
 Structure is located in Zone 4; 600 kN
 Seismic source type: C
4000
900 kN
 Soil profile type: unknown
4000
 Total Weight, including self weight =
1500 kN

Check the applicability of the simplified method as suggested in Section 208.4.8.1 NSCP 5 th
Commentary: The simplified static lateral-force procedure may be used for the following
structures of Occupancy Category IV or V:
Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) not more than three stories
in height excluding basements, that use light frame construction.
Other buildings not more than two stories in height excluding basements.
Since the given building is covered by the commentary above particularly the second item, the
simplified method may be used.
Determine the base shear, V.
Since soil properties are not known, the suggested soil profile type SD shall be considered as
suggested in Section. 208.4.3 Exception.
From Section 208.5.2.3 using simplified design base
3 .shear,
0C a
V  W
NSCP eq. 208-11
R
from Table 208-4, value of Na = 1.0, regardless of the proximity of the seismic source.
then, from Table 208-7
C a  0 .44 Na
C a  0 .44 (1 . 0 )
C a  0 .44
and from Table 208-11, R = 8.5
therefore,
3 . 0 ( 0 . 44 )
V  W 3 .0 C a
8 .5 Fx  Wx ; Fx  0 .155 Wx
V  0 . 155 W R
V  0 . 155 ( 1500 ) F1  0 . 155 ( 900 )  139 . 5 kN
Determine the lateral  232
V force at. 5each
kN level per Section 208.5.2.3.2. F2  0 . 155 ( 600 )  93 . 0 kN
Determination of R (coeff representative of the inherent overstrength and global

ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems), Table 208-11
a. Combination along different axes.

In seismic Zone 4 where a structure has a bearing wall system in only one
direction, the value of R used for the design in the orthogonal direction shall not be
greater than that used for the bearing wall system.
Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame systems, dual systems
or moment-resisting frame systems may be used to resist seismic forces in structures less
than 50 meters in height. Only combinations of dual systems and special moment-
resisting frames shall be used to resist seismic forces in structures exceeding 50 meters in
height in Seismic Zone 4.
3.2 Combination of Structural Systems (along different axes)
Example Problem 3.3. A three-storey building has concrete shear walls in one direction and
concrete moment frames in the other direction. Floors are concrete slabs and the building is
located in Zone 4. Determine the coefficient R value to be used in either direction.

A B C D E
5000 5000 5000 5000
Using Table 208-11, determine the
coefficient R for each direction. In Zone
1 4, the provisions of Section 208.5.4.2
CONCRETE require that when a structure has
bearing walls in one direction, the R
6000
value used for the orthogonal direction

2 cannot be greater than that for for the
bearing wall system.
6000
Lines A and E are reinforced concrete

bearing walls,
3
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
R = 4.5 (refer to Table 208-11 item 1-2a)
Lines 1, 2 and 3 are concrete special
moment-resisting frames,
R = 8.5 (refer to Table 208-11 item 3-1b)
Therefore, Use R = 4.5 in both
directions.
b. Combination along the same axis

Where a combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral
forces in the same direction, the value of R used for the design in that direction shall not
be greater than the least value of any of the systems utilized in the same direction.
3.3 Combination of Structural Systems (along the same axis)
Example Problem 3.4. A one-storey steel frame structure has the roof plan shown below. The
structure is located in Zone 4. Determine the R value for the N/S direction.
A B C D E
5000 5000 5000 5000 Using Table 208-11, determine the coefficient R for the
N/S direction. In Zone 4, the provisions of Section
1 208.5.4.3 require that the R value used be not greater
VERTICAL VERTICAL VERTICAL
than the least value of the system utilized.
6000
BRACE BRACE BRACE

Lines A and E are steel ordinary moment-resisting
frames,
NORTH
2
R = 4.5 (refer to Table 208-11 item 3-4a)
6000
Lines B, C and D are steel ordinary braced frames,
3
R = 5.6 (refer to Table 208-11 item 2-4b)
ROOF PLAN Therefore,
Use R = 4.5 for the N/S direction.
3.4 Vertical Distribution of Static Lateral Force
Code Provision: The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in
conformance with the equations 208-13, 208-14 and 208-15 in the absence of a more rigorous
procedure.
n
V  Ft  NSCP
Fi eq. 208-13
i 1
The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is addition to Fm shall be determined as:
Ft  0 . 07 TVNSCP
 0 . 25eq.
V 208-14
The value of T used for the purpose of calculating Ft shall be the period that corresponds with
the design base shear. Ft may be considered zero where T is 0.7 sec or less. The remaining
portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure, including level n
according the following equation:
( V  Ft ) w x hx
Fx  n NSCP eq. 208-15
 w i hi
i 1
At each level designated as x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in
accordance with the mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and design
seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces Fx and Ft applied at the appropriate
levels above the base.
Example Problem 3.5. A ten-storey building has a moment-resisting steel frame for a lateral
force-resisting system. Determine the vertical distribution of lateral forces Fx, given the
following information: A BSTOREY
WEIGHT
C
8000 8000

900 kN Roof
4000
 Seismic source type: B 1800 kN 10th
4000
 Distance to seismic source = 10 km 1800 kN 9th
 Soil profile type: Sc
4000
1800 kN 8th
4000
1800 kN 7th
4000
2600 kN 6th
To start the solution, initially, determine the
4000
structure period T and the its design base 1800 kN 5th
shear V.
4000
Using Method A, the structure period T: 1800 kN 4th
4000
1900 kN 3rd
T  C t ( hn ) 3 / 4
4000
where C t  0 .0853 , hn  42 m 2000 kN 2nd
T  0 . 0853 ( 42 ) 3 / 4 6000
T  1 .407 sec GF
TYPICAL ELEVATION
Get Na and Nv using Tables 208-4 and 208-5 and correspondingly Ca and Cv using Tables 208-7
and 208-8.
Na  1 . 0 C a  0 .40 Na ;C v  0 . 56 Nv
Nv  1 . 0 C a  0 .40 (1 .0 ); C v  0 .56 (1 . 0 )
C a  0 .40 ;C v  0 .56
then, the design base shear, V, where R = 8.5 from Table 208-11 item 3-1a and W = 18200 kN.
CvI
V W
RT
0 . 56 (1 . 0 )
V (18200 )
( 8 .5 )( 1 .407 )
Check the limits of the value of Vbase
 852shear
. 21 kN V. The total base shear need not exceed
and need not be less than 2 .5 C a I

V W
R
2 . 5 ( 0 . 4 )( 1 .0 )
V (18200 )
V  0 . 11C a IW 8 .5
V  not
in Zone 4, the total base shear shall 0 . 11be
( 0 . 40
less)( 1than
. 0 )( 18200 ) V  2141 . 176 kN
V  800 . 8 kN
0 . 8 ZNv I
therefore, use V = 852.21 kN V W
R
0 . 8 ( 0 . 4 )( 1 . 0 )( 1 .0 )
V (18200 )
8 .5
V  685 . 176 kN
Determine the force Ft (concentrated force applied at the top of the structure). Refer to Section
208.5.6.
since T = 1.407 sec > 0.7 sec, then
NSCP eq. 208-14
Ft  0 . 07 TV need not exceed 0 .25 V
Ft  0 . 07 (1 .407 )( 852 . 21)  0 . 25 ( 852 . 21)
Ft  83 . 934 kN  213.052 kN [ok]
Find the remaining lateral force Fx at each level.
NSCP eq. 208-15 ( V  Ft ) w x hx
Fx  n
 w i hi
i 1
where, (V-Ft) = 852.21 – 83.934 = 768.276 kN 768 . 276 w x hx
Fx  10
simplifying the working formula for determining Fx at each level.  w i hi
i1
Commentary: Note that certain types of vertical irregularity can result in a dynamic response having a load
distribution significantly different from than given in this example. If the structural system has any of the
stiffness, weight, or geometric vertical irregularities of Type 1, 2, or 3 of Table 208-9, then item 2 of Section
208.4.8.3 requires that the dynamic lateral force procedure be used unless the structure is less than five stories
or 20 m in height. The configuration and final design of this structure must be checked for these irregularities.
Most structural analysis programs used in practice today perform this calculation, and is generally not
necessarily to manually perform the calculations shown above. However, it is recommended that these
calculations be performed to check the computer analysis and to gain insight to structure behavior.
Calculating the vertical distribution of static lateral force by tabulating the results below:
La te ra l
Sto re y Sto ry Sto ry O v e rturning
hx wx w xh x
Le ve l x He ig ht w x hx Fo rc e , She a r, Mo m e nt, M x
(m ) (kN) (kN-m ) 10
(m ) Fx +Ft V x (kN) (kN-m )
 w i hi
i 1 (kN)
11 4.00 42.00 900 37800 0.0913 154.078 154.078 616.310
10 4.00 38.00 1800 68400 0.1652 126.919 280.997 1740.298
9 4.00 34.00 1800 61200 0.1478 113.551 394.548 3318.490
8 4.00 30.00 1800 54000 0.1304 100.183 494.731 5297.414
7 4.00 26.00 1800 46800 0.1130 86.815 581.546 7623.600
6 4.00 22.00 2600 57200 0.1382 106.176 687.722 10374.488
5 4.00 18.00 1800 32400 0.0783 60.156 747.878 13366.001
4 4.00 14.00 1800 25200 0.0609 46.788 794.666 16544.665
3 4.00 10.00 1900 19000 0.0459 35.264 829.930 19864.385
2 6.00 6.00 2000 12000 0.0290 22.280 852.210 24977.645
1
18200 414000 1.000 852.210
Horizontal Distribution of Shear Force and Torsional Moments
Code Provision: The design story shear, Vx, in any story is the sum of the forces Ft and Fx above
that story. Vx shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral-force-resisting
system in proportion to their relative rigidities or stiffness, considering the rigidity of the
diaphragm. Rigidity or stiffness of an element is the force required to deflect one end of an
element a unit distance relative to the other end. Rigidity is therefore inversely proportional to
deflection. Relative rigidity is defined as the ratio of the rigidity of an element to the total
rigidities of all the elements within a floor to floor distance.
For vertical elements with both ends fixed:
   F  V
Ph3 1 .2 Ph
 
12 EI
For vertical elements with GAend fixed, top end free:
bottom
   F  V
Ph3 1 . 2 Ph
 
3 EI GA
Horizontal Distribution of Shear Force and Torsional Moments
where: d = total displacement

dF = displacement due to bending
dV= displacement due to shear
P = lateral force on element
h = height of element
I = cross-sectional moment of inertia of element in the direction of bending
A = cross-sectional area of element
E = modulus of elasticity of element material
G = shear modulus of element material
E
G
2 (1   )
n = Poisson’s ratio
When diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be displaced
from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5% of the building
dimension at that level particular to the direction of the force under consideration. The effect
of this displacement on the story shear distribution shall be considered.
Diaphragms shall be considered flexible for the purposes of distribution of story shear and
torsional moment when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two
times the average story drift of the associated story. This may be determined by comparing the
computed midpoint in-plane deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral load with the
story drift adjoining vertical-resisting elements under equivalent tributary lateral load.
The center of rigidity is the fulcrum of resistance of the structure against lateral loads and is
computed from the following:
The center of mass is the point at which the lateral XforcePKacts.

y  X If the floor
 Kisx almost
Y uniformly
R  and YR 
loaded, the center of mass may be assumed to be at thegeometric
Ky  Kofx the floor and is
center
computed from the following:
Torsional moments are then calculated as follows:  W  X and Y   W  Y

XM  M
W W
Mzx  Px ( YR  YM ) or
Mzy  Py ( X R  X M )
depending on whether Px or Py is acting.
where,
(XR,YR) coordinates of the center of rigidity
(XM,YM) coordinates of the center of mass
W dead load carried by the vertical element
Kx, Ky rigidity of lateral resisting elements; equal to
1 1
Kx  and Ky  for fixed-fixed ends, ideal
h3 1 .2 h h3 1 .2 h
  behavior of building column
12 EIy GA 12 EIx GA under lateral load
1 1
Kx  and Ky 
h3
1 .2 h h3
1 .2 h for fixed-free ends, ideal
  behavior of shear wall under
3 EIy GA 3 EIx GA
lateral load
(X,Y) coordinates of lateral resisting element
Note that Px and Py are assumed to act only one at a time.
Code Provision: The torsional design moment at a given story shall be the moment resulting
from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above that story and the
vertical-resisting elements in that story plus an accidental torsion.
The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assuming the mass displaced and be
computed as the force acting with an eccentricity equal to 5% of the building dimension at that
level perpendicular to the direction of the force under consideration.
Distribution to the columns and shear walls shall be done by computing the rotational stiffness
about the center of rigidity, JR:
JR   Kx Y 2   Ky X 2
the lateral forces shall be determined by the following:
 Case 1: Px acting
Kx K Y
Fx  Px  Mzx x i and
 Kx JR
Ky X i
 Case 2: Py acting Fy  Mzx
JR
Ky Ky X i
Fy  Py  Mzy and
where,  Ky JR
K Y
X i  X  X R and Fx  Mzy x i
(X1,Y1) Yicoordinates JR
 Y  YR reckoned from the center of rigidity
Example Problem 3.6. A ten-storey concrete building has a typical floor plan as shown below.
Assume that the building is assumed to be almost uniformly loaded. Calculate the storey
seismic forces by considering the following information:
 Structure is located in Zone 4; A B C D

14000
 Seismic source type: B
5000 4000 5000
1
 Soil profile type: Sc 2 3 4
3000
6000
1
 Member properties: 2500
12000
Column size: 400mm x 400mm 2 5 6 7
Wall thickness: 200mm
6000
Ec = 2.2G; f’c = 28 MPa
Note: Ec  4700 f 'c 3 8 9 10

2
Ec  4700 28  24870 N/mm
Ec  24 .87 x10 6 kN/m 2
A B C D Storey
14000
Floor DL (kN) Height
(m)
5000 4000 5000
Roof 1000 3.00
1
2 3 4 10th 1200 3.00
3000 9th 1200 3.00
6000
1
8th 1200 3.00
2500
7th 1200 3.00
12000
2 5 6 7 6th 1200 3.00

5th 1200 3.00
6000
4th 1200 3.00

3rd 1200 3.00
2nd 1500 4.00
3 8 9 10 12100 31.00
To start the solution, initially, determine the structure period T and the its design base shear V.
Using Method A, the structure period T:
T  C t ( hn ) 3 / 4
where
0 .0743
Ct  for concrete shear wall s; hn  31 . 0 m
Ac

in which A c   A e 0 .2  ( De / hn ) 2 
Fo rc e a lo ng x-d ire c tio n Fo rc e a lo ng y-d ire c tio n
she a r A e
wa ll (m 2 ) De De
D e / h n A e [0.2+(D e / h n ) 2 ] D e / h n A e [0.2+(D e / h n ) 2 ]
(m ) (m )
1 1.620 2.500 0.0806 0.33454 3.000 0.0968 0.33917
10 1.200 0.200 0.0065 0.24005 6.000 0.1935 0.28495
9 0.800 4.000 0.129 0.17332 0.200 0.0065 0.16003
then, structure period T along x-direction,
0.74791 0.78415
0 . 0743
Tx  ( 31) 3 / 4  1.129 sec.
and, structure period T along y-direction, 0 . 74791
0 .0743
Ty  ( 31) 3 / 4  1.102 sec.
0 .78415
Get Na and Nv using Tables 208-4 and 208-5 and correspondingly Ca and Cv using Tables 208-7
and 208-8. Na  1 . 0 C a  0 .40 Na ;C v  0 . 56 Nv
C a  0 .40 (1 . 0 ); C v  0 .56 (1 . 0 )
Nv  1 . 0
C a  0 .40 ;C v  0 .56
then, the design base shear, V, where from Table 208-11 R = 4.5 bearing wall system and R =
8.5 for concrete SMRF, adopt R = 4.5 per Section 208.5.4.2 and W = 12100 kN.
CvI
V W
RT
0 . 56 (1 . 0 ) 0 .56 ( 1 . 0 )
Vx  (12100 ) Vy  (12100 )
( 4 . 5 )( 1 . 129 ) ( 4 . 5 )( 1 .102 )
Check the limitsVxof the
1333value. 727 ofkNbase shear VyV. The
1366total.404 base
kN shear need not exceed
and need not be less than
2 .5 C a I
V W
V  0 .11C a IW R
2 . 5 ( 0 . 4 )( 1 . 0 )
in Zone 4, the total base shear shall  0 .11
V not be( less
0 .40than
)( 1 .0 )( 12100 ) V (12100 )
4 .5
V  532 .4 kN V  2688 . 889 kN
therefore, use Vx = 1333.727 kN and Vy = 1366.404 kN. 0 .8 ZNv I
V W
R
0 .8 ( 0 . 4 )( 1 .0 )( 1 . 0 )
V (12100 )
4 .5
V  860 .444 kN
Locate the center of mass (CM) of the structure. Since the building is assumed to be almost
uniformly loaded, by inspection
X M  7 . 0 m and YM  6 . 0 m
Locate the center of rigidity (CR) of the structure. Initially, get properties of individual vertical
elements and consider the lowest left point of the floor plan as the building reference point
(BRP).
for element #1
A B C D
x 1  0 . 0 m; y 1  9 . 0 m
2500
2
A1  0 .2 ( 3 . 0  2 .1  3 .0 )  1 .62 m
1
2 3 4
3000
1
8063
CR
2 5 6 7
CM
9000
7000
7066
6000
6000
4000
3
BRP8 9 10
coordinates of element #1 centroid:
( 0 . 2 )( 3 )( 0 . 1)  ( 2 . 1)( 0 . 2 )( 1 .25 )  ( 0 .2 )( 3 )( 2 . 4 )
x cg 1   1 .25 m;
1 . 62
2 * (0.2)(3)(1 .5)  (2.1)(0.2) (2.9)
y cg 1   1 . 863 m
1.62
coordinates of element #1 with respect to BRP:
x brp 1  ( 0  1 . 25 )  1 .25 m;
y brp 1  ( 9 . 0  1 .863 )  10 .863 m
moment of inertia of element #1 about its centroidal axis:
( 0 . 2 )( 3 ) 3 2 ( 2 . 1)( 0 . 2 ) 3
Ix 1  2  2 * ( 0 .2 )( 3 )( 1 . 863  1 . 5 )   ( 2 . 1)( 0 . 2 )( 1 . 137  0 . 1) 2
12 12
Ix 1  1 . 511 m 4 ;
( 3 )( 0 . 2 ) 3 ( 0 . 2 )( 2 .1) 3
Iy 1  2  2 * ( 3 )( 0 . 2 )( 1 . 25  0 .1) 
2
 ( 0 . 2 )( 2 .1)( 0 ) 2
12 12
Iy 1  1 .745 m 4
using the same algorithms for all elements, see tabulation below:
Ele m e nt x BRP y BRP

Ele m A (m 2 ) I x (m 4 ) I y (m 4 )
Typ e (m ) (m )
1 she a r wa ll 1.620 1.250 10.863 1.51100 1.74500
2 c o lum n 0.160 5.000 11.800 0.00213 0.00213
3 c o lum n 0.160 9.000 11.800 0.00213 0.00213
4 c o lum n 0.160 13.800 11.800 0.00213 0.00213
5 c o lum n 0.160 0.200 6.000 0.00213 0.00213
6 c o lum n 0.160 5.000 6.000 0.00213 0.00213
7 c o lum n 0.160 9.000 6.000 0.00213 0.00213
9 she a r wa ll 0.800 7.000 0.100 0.00267 1.06667
8 c o lum n 0.160 0.200 0.200 0.00213 0.00213
10 she a r wa ll 1.200 13.900 3.000 3.60000 0.00400
Deflections and stiffness of vertical elements for force along the x-direction. Consider Px = 1000
kN
Ve rt Ele m A He ig ht df dv to ta l d y BRP
Grid 2 I y (m 4 ) K x =1/ d Kxy BRP
Ele m Typ e (m ) h (m ) (m m ) (m m ) (m m ) (m )
1 1 SW 1.620 3.00 1.74500 0.207 0.197 0.404 2475.493 10.863 26891.28

2 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 11.800 265.771
3 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 11.800 265.771
4 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 11.800 265.771
2 5 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 6.000 135.138
6 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 6.000 135.138
7 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 6.000 135.138
10 SW 1.200 3.00 0.00400 90.470 0.265 90.736 11.021 3.000 33.063
3 8 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 0.200 4.505
9 SW 0.800 3.00 1.06667 0.339 0.398 0.737 1356.237 0.100 135.624
Find center of rigidity (CR): get 4000.412 28267.199
YR 
 Kx Y
 Kx
2475 . 5 (( 10 .863 )  3 * 22 . 5 (11 . 8 )  3 * 22 . 5 ( 6 )  11( 3 )  22 .5 ( 0 .2 )  1356 . 2 ( 0 .1)
YR 
( 2543 .1  78 .6  1378 .8 )
YR  7 . 066 m from grid 3
Deflections and stiffness of vertical elements for force along the y-direction. Consider Py = 1000
kN
Ve rt Ele m A He ig ht v to ta l  X BRP
Grid I X (m 4 )  f (m m ) K y =1/  K y X BRP
Ele m Typ e (m 2 ) h (m ) (m m ) (m m ) (m )
A 1 SW 1.620 3.00 1.51100 0.239 0.197 0.436 2293.178 1.250 2866.473
5 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 0.200 4.505
8 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 0.200 4.505
B 2 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 5.000 112.615
6 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 5.000 112.615
9 SW 0.800 3.00 0.00267 135.706 0.398 136.104 7.347 7.000 51.429
C 3 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 9.000 202.707
7 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 9.000 202.707
D 4 C 0.160 3.00 0.00213 42.408 1.990 44.398 22.523 13.800 310.817
10 SW 1.200 3.00 3.60000 0.101 0.265 0.366 2732.967 13.900 37988.24
Find center of rigidity (CR): get 5191.153 41856.614
 Ky X
XR 
 Ky
2293 .2 (1 . 25 )  2 * 22 .5 ( 0 .2 )  2 * 22 .5 ( 5 )  7 .3 ( 7 )  2 * 22 .5 ( 9 )  22 .5 (13 .8 )  2733 (13 . 9 )
XR 
( 2338 .2  52 .4  45  2755 .5 )
X R  8 .063 m from grid A
Find center of mass (CM)
since the mass and rigidity for all the floors are assumed to be similar, then by inspection:
for CM
X M  7 .00 m from grid A
 6 .00 m from grid 3
YM calculation,
from previous
for CR
X R  8 . 063 m from grid A
therefore, the
Y eccentricities:
 7 .066 m from grid 3
R
e x  ( X R  X M )  5 %(Dx )  ( 8 .063  7 .00 )  0 . 05 (14 )  1 . 763 m

Note that the building axis is shifted to the CR (being the fulcrum of resistance); while the lateral
y CM
force acts at ethe  YMthe
( YRand ) center
5 %(Dof  ( 7 . 067 torsion
y ) accidental 6 . 00 ) is0measured
. 05 (12 ) from
1 .666the
mCM.
Compute the rotational stiffness JR:
Ve rt Ele m
Kx Y (m ) KxY 2 Ky X (m ) Ky X 2
Ele m Typ e
1 SW 2475.493 3.797 35689.700 2293.178 6.813 106442.372
2 C 22.523 4.734 504.757 22.523 3.063 211.310
3 C 22.523 4.734 504.757 22.523 0.937 19.774
4 C 22.523 4.734 504.757 22.523 5.737 741.303
5 C 22.523 1.066 25.594 22.523 7.863 1392.524
6 C 22.523 1.066 25.594 22.523 3.063 211.310
7 C 22.523 1.066 25.594 22.523 0.937 19.774
8 C 22.523 6.866 1061.778 22.523 7.863 1392.524
9 SW 1356.237 6.966 65811.612 7.347 1.063 8.302
10 SW 11.021 4.066 182.203 2732.967 5.837 93113.741
then, the rotational4000.412
stiffness JR: 104336.346 5191.153 203552.934
JR   Kx Y 2   Ky X 2
torsional moments: JR  104336 . 346  203552 . 934
JR  307889 . 28 kN - m
Mzx  Px e y [Px acting]
Mzx  1333 . 727 (1 . 666 )  2221 . 989 kN - m, or
Mzy  Py e x [Py acting]
Mzy  1366 .404 (1 . 763 )  2408 . 97 kN - m
Calculate vertical distribution of lateral force:
Case 1 – Px acting
force at the top: since Tx  1 . 129 sec  0 . 7 sec
Ft  0 . 07 TV  0 . 25 V
Ft  0 . 07 (1 . 129 )( 1333 . 727 )  0 . 25 (1333 . 727 )
Ft  105 . 404 kN  333.431 kN [ok]
the remaining force to be distributed at each floor:
(1333 .727  105 .404 ) w x hx 1228 .323 w x hx

Fx  10
 10
 w i hi  w i hi
i 1 i 1
Sto re y w x hx
Le ve l hx wx w xh x
He ig ht 10
Fx (kN)
x (m ) (kN) (kN-m )  w i hi
(m ) i 1
11 3.00 31.00 1000 31000 0.151 291.150
10 3.00 28.00 1200 33600 0.164 201.325
9 3.00 25.00 1200 30000 0.146 179.755
8 3.00 22.00 1200 26400 0.129 158.184
7 3.00 19.00 1200 22800 0.111 136.613
6 3.00 16.00 1200 19200 0.094 115.043
5 3.00 13.00 1200 15600 0.076 93.472
4 3.00 10.00 1200 12000 0.059 71.902
3 3.00 7.00 1200 8400 0.041 50.331
2 4.00 4.00 1500 6000 0.029 35.951
1
12100 205000 1.000 1333.727
Case 2 – Py acting
force at the top: since Ty  1 . 102 sec  0 . 7 sec
Ft  0 . 07 TV  0 .25 V
Ft  0 . 07 (1 . 102 )( 1366 . 404 )  0 .25 (1366 . 404 )
Ft  105 .404 kN  341.601 kN [ok]
the remaining force to be distributed at each floor:
( 1366 . 404  105 .404 ) w x hx 1261 w x hx

Fy  10
 10
 w i hi  w i hi
i 1 i 1
Sto re y w x hx
Le ve l hx wx w xh x
He ig ht 10 Fx (kN)
x (m ) (kN) (kN-m )  w i hi
(m ) i 1
11 3.00 31.00 1000 31000 0.151 296.092
10 3.00 28.00 1200 33600 0.164 206.681
9 3.00 25.00 1200 30000 0.146 184.537
8 3.00 22.00 1200 26400 0.129 162.392
7 3.00 19.00 1200 22800 0.111 140.248
6 3.00 16.00 1200 19200 0.094 118.103
5 3.00 13.00 1200 15600 0.076 95.959
4 3.00 10.00 1200 12000 0.059 73.815
3 3.00 7.00 1200 8400 0.041 51.670
2 4.00 4.00 1500 6000 0.029 36.907
1
12100 205000 1.000 1366.404
Calculate horizontal distribution of forces:
Kx K Y K X
Fx  Px  Mzx x i and Fy  Mzx y i
 Kx JR JR
e.g.: force at roof level on element #1 of grid A1:

2475 .493 2475 .493 ( 3 . 797 )
Fx 1  291 .15  ( 291 . 15 * 1 .666 )
4000 . 412 307889 . 28
Fx 1  165 . 358 kN
or using results from tabulated format

Fx 1  0 .56787 ( 291 . 15 )  165 .3335 kN
while
2293 . 178 ( 6 . 813 )
Fy 1   ( 291 .15 * 1 .666 )
307889 .28
Fy 1  24 . 614 kN

Fy 1  0 .08467 ( 291 .15 )  24 .652 kN
Case 1 – Px acting: in tabulated format: (consider unit force Fx=1)
Dire c t To rsio n
Re l Stiff
Ve rt Fo rc e d (=Y o r Fo rc e Dire c t+
Grid Kx or Ky Ki K (K x o r K y )* d 2
Ele m Fx i X ) (m ) Mzx Ki d 2 To rsio n
 Ki  Ki d  Ki d 2
1 1 2475.493 0.61881 0.61881 -3.797 35689.700 -0.05094 0.56787
2 22.523 0.00563 0.00563 -4.734 504.757 -0.00058 0.00505
3 22.523 0.00563 0.00563 -4.734 504.757 -0.00058 0.00505
4 22.523 0.00563 0.00563 -4.734 504.757 -0.00058 0.00505
2 5 22.523 0.00563 0.00563 1.066 25.594 0.00013 0.00576
6 22.523 0.00563 0.00563 1.066 25.594 0.00013 0.00576
7 22.523 0.00563 0.00563 1.066 25.594 0.00013 0.00576
10 11.021 0.00275 0.00275 4.066 182.203 0.00024 0.00300
3 8 22.523 0.00563 0.00563 6.866 1061.778 0.00084 0.00647
9 1356.237 0.33902 0.33902 6.966 65811.612 0.05120 0.39023
4000.412 1.00000
A 1 2293.178 0.44175 0.00000 -6.813 106442.372 -0.08467 -0.08467
5 22.523 0.00434 0.00000 -7.863 1392.524 -0.00096 -0.00096
8 22.523 0.00434 0.00000 -7.863 1392.524 -0.00096 -0.00096
B 2 22.523 0.00434 0.00000 -3.063 211.310 -0.00037 -0.00037
6 22.523 0.00434 0.00000 -3.063 211.310 -0.00037 -0.00037
9 22.523 0.00434 0.00000 -1.063 25.450 -0.00013 -0.00013
C 3 22.523 0.00434 0.00000 0.937 19.774 0.00011 0.00011
7 22.523 0.00434 0.00000 0.937 19.774 0.00011 0.00011
D 4 7.347 0.00142 0.00000 5.737 241.813 0.00023 0.00023
10 2732.967 0.52647 0.00000 5.837 93113.741 0.08645 0.08645
5191.153 1.00000 307406.938
Calculate horizontal distribution of forces:
Ky Ky X i Kx Yi
Fy  Py  Mzy and Fx  Mzy
 Ky JR JR
e.g.: force at roof level on element #1 of grid 1A:
2293 . 178 2293 . 178 ( 6 . 813 )
Fy 1  296 . 092  ( 296 . 092 * 1 . 763 )
5191 . 153 307889 . 28
Fy 1  157 . 29 kN

Fy 1  0 . 53135 ( 296 . 092 )  157 . 328 kN
while
2475 . 523 ( 3 . 797 )
Fx 1  ( 296 . 092 * 1 . 763 )
307889 . 28
Fx 1  15 . 937 kN
or using results from tabulate d format

Fx 1  0 . 05391 ( 296 . 092 )  15 . 962 kN
Case 2 – Py acting: in tabulated format: (consider unit force Fy=1)
Dire c t To rsio n
Re l Stiff
Ve rt Fo rc e d (=Y o r 2 Fo rc e Dire c t+
Grid Kx or Ky Ki Ki (K x o r K y )* d Mzy Ki d 2
Ele m Fy X ) (m ) To rsio n
 Ki  Ki d  Ki d 2
1 1 2475.493 0.61881 0.00000 3.797 35689.700 0.05391 0.05391
2 22.523 0.00563 0.00000 4.734 504.757 0.00061 0.00061
3 22.523 0.00563 0.00000 4.734 504.757 0.00061 0.00061
4 22.523 0.00563 0.00000 4.734 504.757 0.00061 0.00061
2 5 22.523 0.00563 0.00000 -1.066 25.594 -0.00014 -0.00014
6 22.523 0.00563 0.00000 -1.066 25.594 -0.00014 -0.00014
7 22.523 0.00563 0.00000 -1.066 25.594 -0.00014 -0.00014
10 11.021 0.00275 0.00000 -4.066 182.203 -0.00026 -0.00026
3 8 22.523 0.00563 0.00000 -6.866 1061.778 -0.00089 -0.00089
9 1356.237 0.33902 0.00000 -6.966 65811.612 -0.05418 -0.05418
4000.412 1.00000
A 1 2293.178 0.44175 0.44175 6.813 106442.372 0.08960 0.53135
5 22.523 0.00434 0.00434 7.863 1392.524 0.00102 0.00535
8 22.523 0.00434 0.00434 7.863 1392.524 0.00102 0.00535
B 2 22.523 0.00434 0.00434 3.063 211.310 0.00040 0.00473
6 22.523 0.00434 0.00434 3.063 211.310 0.00040 0.00473
9 22.523 0.00434 0.00434 1.063 25.450 0.00014 0.00448
C 3 22.523 0.00434 0.00434 -0.937 19.774 -0.00012 0.00422
7 22.523 0.00434 0.00434 -0.937 19.774 -0.00012 0.00422
D 4 7.347 0.00142 0.00142 -5.737 241.813 -0.00024 0.00117
10 2732.967 0.52647 0.52647 -5.837 93113.741 -0.09149 0.43498
5191.153 1.00000 307406.942
Non-building Structure
Example Problem 3.7. A nonbuilding structure with a concrete intermediate moment-resisting
frame (IMRF) supports some rigid aggregate storage bins. Weights W1 and W2 include the
maximum normal operating weights of the storage bins and contents as well as the tributary
frame weight. The following information is given:
 Structure is located in Zone 4; W2=900 kN

F2 Level 3
 I = 1.0
 Soil profile type D
4500
 Seismic source type C W1=450 kN
F1 Level 2
 T = 2.0 sec
9000
Determine the following:
1. Design base shear V
2. Vertical distribution of seismic forces
TYPICAL ELEVATION
Determine the design base shear. Considering the given structure as a flexible structure, the
general expressions for design base shear given by equations 208-4 to 208-7 may be used. Note
that exception of Section 208.9.2 permits use of an IMRF in Zone 4, provided the height of the
structures does not exceed 15 m and R does not exceed 2.8.
The total design base shear in a given direction is
NSCP eq. 208-4
CvI
V W
RT
0 . 64 ( 1 . 0 )
V (1350 )
( 2 .8 )( 2 .0 )
However, the total base
V shear
154 .286needkN not exceed
NSCP eq. 208-5
2 .5 C a I
V W
R
2 .5 ( 0 . 44 )( 1 . 0 )
V (1350 )
2 .8
V  530 . 357 kN
Further, the total base shear should not be less than
V  0 . 11C a IW NSCP eq. 208-6
V  0 . 11( 0 . 44 )( 1 . 0 )( 1350 )
V  65 .34 kN
In Zone 4, the total base shear cannot be less than
NSCP eq. 208-7
0 . 8 ZNv I
V W
R
0 . 8 ( 0 . 4 )( 1 . 0 )( 1 . 0 )
V (1350 )
2 .8
V  154 . 286 kN
Note that the value of the total base shear is controlled by eq. 208-7, therefore, use
V  154 .286 kN
Determine the vertical distribution of seismic forces. The design base shear must be distributed
over the height of the structure in the same manner as that for a building structure.
NSCP eq. 208-15
( V  Ft ) w x hx
Fpx  n
 w i hi
i 1
( V  Ft ) w x hx
Fpx 
Since given T > 0.7 sec, a concentrated 1  WF
( W 1hforce 2 hmust
2) be applied at the top.
t
Ft  0 . 07 TV  0 .25 V
then, Ft  0 . 07 ( 2 . 0 )( 154 . 286 )  0 .25 (154 . 286 )
Ft  21 . 6 kN  38.571 kN [ok]
(154 .286  21 .6 )( 900 * 13 . 5 ) (154 .286  21 . 6 )( 450 * 9 )

F1  21 . 6  F2 
900 * 13 . 5  450 * 9 900 * 13 . 5  450 * 9
F1  121 .114 kN F2  33 .172 kN
Example Problem 3.8. A rigid ore crushing equipment is supported by a massive concrete
pedestal and seismic design forces are to be determined. The following information is given:

F2 WEQPT=100 kN
 I = 1.0
 Soil profile type B
3000
 Seismic source type B WSUPPORT=900 kN
F1
 T = 0.02 sec
6000
Determine the following:
1. Design base shear V
2. Vertical distribution of seismic forces
TYPICAL ELEVATION
Determine the design base shear. For rigid non building structures, eq. 208-22 from Section
208.9.3 may be used.
The total design base shear is determined as
V  0 . 7 C a IWNSCP eq. 208-22

V  0 . 7 ( 0 . 4 )( 1 . 0 )( 1000 )
V  280 kN
Determine the vertical distribution of the seismic force based on the distribution of mass.
wx
Fpx  n
V
wi
i 1
evaluate wx
Fpx  V
900 ( W 1W2 )
F1  ( 280 )
1000
F1  252 kN
100
F2  ( 280 )
1000
F2  28 kN

Determination of Structural Form: Simplicity and Symmetry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Determination of Structural Form: Simplicity and Symmetry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Determination of Structural Form: Simplicity and Symmetry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2.

DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL FORM

Good symmetry, analysis less easy

Effects of façade setbacks cannot

A B C Solution and discussion:

F5 6th stiffness irregularity; that is, if a soft

F3 4th can be performed.

1  S2  S1   S3  S2   S4  S3 

(a) 0 .70 ( 00 . 515 )  0 .00360  0 .00313

(b) 0.80 ( 0.00515)  0.00412  0 .00293

Solution and discussion: TYPICAL ELEVATION

1 . 50 W2  1 . 50 ( 400 ) 8000 8000

Solution and discussion: A B C D E

of Level 4 must be checked.

(Levels 3 and 4) is calculated

Based on the given information, by Roof

inspection, Type 4 vertical irregularity SHEAR

of the lateral-force resisting elements 15000 SHEAR

elements. The left side of the upper shear

(C and D). This 15 m offset is greater TYPICAL ELEVATION

1st story strength   smaller of Vn and Vm of ground floor piers

2nd story strength   smaller of Vn and Vm of second floor piers

1st story strength  0.8 * (2nd story strength) ???

 Type 3. Diaphragm Discontinuity. Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations

3rd R,2 = 48.5 mm

2nd dL,1 = 25 mm dR,1 = 30.5 mm

Sto ry d isp l, m m Sto ry d rift, mm Avg SD @  ma x/ Irre g ula rity

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

dim line 5  dim line 1  37 . 5  30 . 0  7 . 5 m

dim lineA  dim lineF  24 .0  18 . 0  6 .0 m

get 50% of the gross area:

Solution and discussion: 3

An out-of-plane offset plan

a lateral force path, for 1 2 3

of-plane offset to the shear 3000 3

wall on line E at the second

located on line F are not

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

Beams should fail

Type Advantages Disadvantages

• Suitable for long period sites • High response on short period

Three basic types of building foundations may be:

 Structure is located in Zone 4;

Solution and discussion:

Determination of R (coeff representative of the inherent overstrength and global

a. Combination along different axes.

Solution and discussion:

value used for the orthogonal direction

Lines A and E are reinforced concrete

b. Combination along the same axis

BRACE BRACE BRACE

Lines B, C and D are steel ordinary braced frames,

 Structure is located in Zone 4;

 Soil profile type: Sc

 Occupancy importance: Standard

Solution and discussion:

To start the solution, initially, determine the

and need not be less than 2 .5 C a I

where: d = total displacement