Chapter 1 WDM Principle

WDM Principle
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Copyright © 2008Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of
the transmission capacity and service categories are becoming
bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM technology
emerged.
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page2

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;
 Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;
 Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
 List the technical specifications for WDM system.

Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications

Foreword
 What is WDM?
 Let us review the prism experiment.
Dispersion Spectrum
The prism can split white light The distributed colors constitute
into its spectral components. It the spectrum.
is called dispersion.

Foreword
 WDM is that the different colors (wavelengths) are multiplexed
into a fiber for transmission.
Pass through
Multiplex Fiber Regenerate Fiber
DEMUX
MUX
OTU1
Division
OTU2 OTU3
Add and
Drop
Division Multiplex

How to increase network capacity ？
 WDM
 Economical &
 TDM Mature & Quick
 STM-16→ STM-64
 SDM
 Cost & Complication
 Add fiber &
equipment
 Time & cost
Solution of capacity expansion

WDM Technology Emerged
 With the service increasing, there are not enough optical fibers in
the existing optical cable tunnel.
 Case:There are 6 fibers in the optical cable. 2 fibers for DSL data
traffic, another 2 for SDH traffic. Now we want to add the additional
2 DSLAMs. How to deploy?
Fiber resources are limited!
SDH
Reserved Cabl
e
Fiber(6)
DSLAM

WDM Technology Emerged
 WDM expands fiber resources tens of times. (fiber = wavelength)
λ1
OTU1 WDM
λ2
OTU2 releases
… …
λn
fiber
OTUn resources!
SDH
DSLAM Cabl
e
WDM
DSLAM Fiber(6)
DSLAM

What's WDM ？
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car

WDM Concept
 Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

fiber for transmission.
1 1 2 n
SDH signal
IP package 2 ┉
ATM cells
┋
n

System Structure
 The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
 Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
 Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
 Optical Amplifier (OA)
 Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU OTU
O O
M A
OTU / OLA / OTU
O O
A D
OTU OTU
OSC OSC OSC

Transmission Modes
 Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M

Transmission Modes
 Single fiber bidirectional transmission
MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M

Application Modes
 Open System
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U 4
U
M
Client Client

Application Modes
 Integrated System
MUX DMUX
M
4
0 0
4
M
Client Client

Advantages of WDM
 Ultra high capacity

 Data transparency transmission
 Long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 High networking flexibility, economy and reliability
 Smooth expansion

CWDM Vs DWDM
 CWDM:
 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex
 DWDM:
 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
ITU-T G.694.1
Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing
C band 160chs Extended
32chs
196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz

Questions
 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
 Difference between the two transmission modes
 Difference between the two application modes
 List the structure of the WDM system.

Summary
 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;
 WDM system structure ;
 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;

Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies

Structure of Optical Fiber
 Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a plastic
wear-resisting coating.
Refraction
n2 Cladding
θ
Reflection n1 Core
Coating

Attenuation
dB/km
Multi-mode
5
O E S C L U
4 band
3
（
OH-
850~900nm
1
） nm
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion:
Power
Optical pulses
Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)
Time

Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need
G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation for
at 1550nm window.
high rate transmission
Dispersion
coefficient
17ps/nm.km G.655
¦ Ë
1310nm
1550nm
G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.

Dispersion Compensation
 The pulse will be broadened because of
 Positive dispersion coefficient at 1550nm window
 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can counteract

positive dispersion in transmission.
Dispersion
Coefficient G.652
wavelength
Normal DCF
DSCF: Dispersion Slope

Compensation Fiber

Questions
 What’s difference between the refractive index of the cladding and
core?
 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?
 How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?

Summary
 Structure of optical fiber
 Types of optical fiber
 Characteristics of optical fiber

Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies

WDM System Key Technologies
 Optical Source
 Optical Multiplexer
and Demultiplexer
Key Tech. in WDM
 Optical Amplifier
 Supervisory
Technologies

Requirements of Optical Source
1 Larger dispersion tolerance value
2 Standard and stable wavelength

Direct modulator
LD
Modulation current

Electro-Absorption (EA) external modulator
LD EA
DC
current drive ITU ¦ Ë
Modulation current

Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator
Modulation current
LD
DC current ITU ¦ Ë
drive

Comparison of Modulators
Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Max. dispersion >12800

1200~4000 7200~12800
toleration (ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive very expensive
Wavelength Stability good better best

Optical Amplifiers
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier
OA

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
E3 excited state
Decay
1550nm E2 meta-stable state

signal light
Stimulated radiation
1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state
 Er3+ energy level diagram

Structure of EDFA
Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF
Pumping laser
PD PD
ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector

Features of EDFA
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
 Consistent with the low

Fixed gain range
attenuation window Gain un-flatness

 High energy conversion Optical surge problem
efficiency
 High gain with little cross-talk
 Good gain stability

Automatic Gain Control
λ1~ λn
λ1~ λn Gain
EDF
Pin A Pout
Gain no change!
Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power: Pout
splitter pump splitter

PIN PIN
DSP

Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump
30nm
13THz
Gain
Pump1 Pump2 Pump3
30nm
70~100nm

Features of Raman
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
 Flexible gain wavelength

High pump power, low
efficiency and high cost;
 Simple structure
Components & fiber
 Nonlinear effect can be reduced;
undertake the high power;
 Low noise

Application of OA
OTU OTU
M M M MD
4
U OA OA4 OA4 4M
0
X 0 0 0U
OTU X OTU
Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier

Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
TFF Thin Film Filter
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating
λ1 λ1 λ2 λn λ1 λ2 λn λ1
λ2
λ2
λn
λn
Multiplexer Demultiplexer

Thin Film Filter
λ 1- λ 4 λ 1 filter
Self-focusing lens
λ1
λ 3 filter
λ2
λ3
λ4 Glass

Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Arrayed of waveguides 1…n
λ1
λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers

Supervisory Technologies
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology
ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel Technology

Optical Supervisory Channel
 Requirements:
 Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping
wavelength of OA.
 Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window.
 Available when OA fails;
 Suitable for long distance transmission.
OSC OSC
F F
OTU1 I I OTU1
S S
0
OTU2
M U U
C 4 OTU2 C
4 C
C OTU3 M OTU3
0
OTU4 OTU4

Typical frame structure of OSC
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS14 TS15 TS16 …… TS31
TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte
TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes

Electrical Supervisory Channel
 Features:
 Simple structure & cost saving
 Redundancy supported
 Improve power budget
 Reduce system complexity
S OTU1 0 OTU1 S
OTU2
M
C 4 OTU2 C
4
C OTU3 M OTU3 C
0
OTU4 OTU4

Questions
 What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?
 How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?
 What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?
 What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC signal?

Summary
 Optical source
 Optical amplifier
 Optical multiplexer
 Supervisory technologies

Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies

Related ITU-T recommendations
 G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems
and other SDH systems with OA

 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
 G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)

Transmission Channel Reference Points

Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas
 Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength corresponding
to each channel in WDM systems. Channel frequency allowed in G.692
is based on frequency and spacing series of reference frequency
193.1THz and minimum spacing 100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.

Questions
 Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part?
 What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM systems?

Thank you
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WDM Principle

Copyright © 2008Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of

the transmission capacity and service categories are becoming

bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM technology

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page2

 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page3

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page4

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page5

Multiplex Fiber Regenerate Fiber

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page6

Solution of capacity expansion

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page7

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page8

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page9

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page10

 Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page11

OSC OSC OSC

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page12

 Single fiber unidirectional transmission

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page13

 Single fiber bidirectional transmission

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page14

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page15

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page16

 Ultra high capacity

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page17

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page18

 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

 Difference between the two transmission modes

 Difference between the two application modes

 List the structure of the WDM system.

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page19

 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;

 WDM system structure ;

 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page20

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page21

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page22

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page23

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page24

G.655: Little dispersion

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page25

 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can counteract

DSCF: Dispersion Slope

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page26

 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?

 How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page27

 Structure of optical fiber

 Types of optical fiber

 Characteristics of optical fiber

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page28

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page29

Key Tech. in WDM

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page30

1 Larger dispersion tolerance value

2 Standard and stable wavelength