DR.

VILAS D SADEGAONKAR
BE(E), LLB,DTL,DCA,LLM-
II,BMCJ,MEE((EPS)
Ph.D.(Electrical Engineering)
 Electric charge – a property of some subatomic particles
, which determines their electromagnetic interactions.
Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and
produces, electromagnetic fields.
 Electric current – a movement or flow of electrically
charged particles, typically measured in amperes.
 Electric field – an influence produced by an electric
charge on other charges in its vicinity.
 Electric potential – the capacity of an electric field to do
work on an electric charge, typically measured in volts.
 Electromagnetism – a fundamental interaction between
the magnetic field and the presence and motion of an
electric charge
 Electrical phenomena have been studied since
antiquity, though advances in the science were not
made until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Practical applications for electricity however remained
few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth
century that engineers were able to put it to industrial
and residential use. The rapid expansion in electrical
technology at this time transformed industry and
society. Electricity's extraordinary versatility as a
source of energy means it can be put to an almost
limitless set of applications which include transport,
heating, lighting, communications, and computation.
The backbone of modern industrial society is, and for
the foreseeable future can be expected to remain, the
use of electrical power.[1]
Conducted
extensive
research on
electricity in
the 18th
century
 While it had been the early 19th century that had
seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late
19th century would see the greatest progress in
electrical engineering. Through such people as
Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Ottó Bláthy,
Sir Charles Parsons, George Westinghouse,
Ernst Werner von Siemens,
Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin,
electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity
into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a
driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution
Michael Faraday formed the
foundation of electric motor
technology
 Electric charge

Two balls that are charged with a

rubbed amber rod also repel each
other. However, if one ball is
charged by the glass rod, and the
other by an amber rod, the two
balls are found to attract each
other. These phenomena were
investigated in the late
eighteenth century by
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb,
who deduced that charge
manifests itself in two opposing
forms. This discovery led to the
well-known axiom: like-charged
objects repel and opposite-charged
objects attract
 The charge on electrons and protons is opposite in sign,
hence an amount of charge may be expressed as being
either negative or positive. By convention, the charge
carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by
protons positive, a custom that originated with the
work of Benjamin Franklin.[The amount of charge is
usually given the symbol Q and expressed in coulombs
;[ each electron carries the same charge of
approximately −1.6022×10−19 coulomb. The proton has
a charge that is equal and opposite, and thus
+1.6022×10−19  coulomb. Charge is possessed not just by
matter, but also by antimatter, each antiparticle bearing
an equal and opposite charge to its corresponding
particle.
 The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current,
the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes. Current
can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly
these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current.
 By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having
the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to
flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative
part. Current defined in this manner is called conventional current
. The motion of negatively-charged electrons around an
electric circuit, one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus
deemed positive in the opposite direction to that of the electrons.[26]
However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can
consist of a flow of charged particles in either direction, or even in
both directions at once. The positive-to-negative convention is
widely used to simplify this situation.
An electric arc
provides an
energetic
demonstration of
electric current
 In engineering or household applications, current is often
described as being either direct current (DC) or alternating current
(AC). These terms refer to how the current varies in time. Direct
current, as produced by example from a battery and required by
most electronic devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive
part of a circuit to the negative.[30] If, as is most common, this flow
is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite
direction. Alternating current is any current that reverses direction
repeatedly; almost always this takes the form of a sinusoidal wave
.[31] Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a
conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time.
The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it
delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse.
Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not
observed under steady state direct current, such as inductance
and capacitance.[32] These properties however can become
important when circuitry is subjected to transients, such as when
first energised
The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday.
An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that
surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges
placed within the field. The electric field acts between two
charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field
acts between two masses, and like it, extends towards infinity and
shows an inverse square relationship with distance. However,
there is an important difference. Gravity always acts in An
electric arc provides an energetic demonstration of electric
current attraction, drawing two masses together, while the
electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion. Since
large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the
electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity is the
dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much
weaker
Experimentation by Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire
moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a
potential difference between its ends. Further analysis of
this process, known as electromagnetic induction, enabled
him to state the principle, now known as Faraday's law of
induction, that the potential difference induced in a closed
circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
through the loop. Exploitation of this discovery enabled
him to invent the first electrical generator in 1831, in which
he converted the mechanical energy of a rotating copper
disc to electrical energy.
 The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its
opposition to the passage of a steady electric current. An
object of uniform cross section will have a resistance
proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its
cross-sectional area, and proportional to the resistivity of the
material.
 Discovered by George Ohm in the late 1820s, electrical
resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the
mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical
resistance is the ohm, symbol Ω. Resistance's reciprocal
quantity is electrical conductance measured in siemens,
symbol S.
 The resistance of a resistive object determines the amount of
current through the object for a given potential difference
across the object, in accordance with Ohm's law:
 Inductance is the property in an electrical circuit where a change
in the electric current through that circuit induces an
electromotive force (EMF) that opposes the change in current.
 In electrical circuits, any electric current, i, produces a magnetic
field and hence generates a total magnetic flux, Φ, acting on the
circuit. This magnetic flux, due to Lenz's law, tends to act to
oppose changes in the flux by generating a voltage (a back EMF)
in the circuit that counters or tends to reduce the rate of change in
the current. The ratio of the magnetic flux to the current is called
the self-inductance, which is usually simply referred to as the
inductance of the circuit. To add inductance to a circuit, electronic
components called inductors are used, which consist of coils of
wire to concentrate the magnetic field.
 The term 'inductance' was coined by Oliver Heaviside in February
1886. L for inductance, possibly in honour of the physicist
Heinrich Lenz.
 In electromagnetism and electronics, capacitance is
the ability of a body to hold an electrical charge.
Capacitance is also a measure of the amount of
electric charge stored (or separated) for a given
electric potential.
 A common form of charge storage device is a
parallel-plate capacitor. In a parallel plate capacitor
capacitance is directly proportional to the surface
area of the conductor plates and inversely
proportional to the separation distance between
the plates. If the charges on the plates are +Q and –
Q, and V gives the voltage between the plates, then
the capacitance is given by
 The capacitance of the majority of capacitors
used in electronic circuits is several orders of
magnitude smaller than the farad. The most
common subunits of capacitance in use today
are the millifarad (mF), microfarad (µF), the
nanofarad (nF) and the picofarad (pF).