Chapter 3
Database Architectures
and the Web
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Chapter 3 - Objectives
The meaning of the client–server architecture and the
advantages of this type of architecture for a DBMS
The difference between two-tier, three-tier and n-tier
client–server architectures
The function of an application server
The meaning of middleware and the different types
of middleware that exist
The function and uses of Transaction Processing
(TP) Monitors
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Chapter 3 - Objectives
The purpose of a Web service and the
technological standards used
The meaning of service-oriented architecture
(SOA)
The difference between distributed DBMSs, and
distributed processing
The architecture of a data warehouse
The software components of a DBMS
About Oracle’s logical and physical structure
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Teleprocessing
– Traditional architecture for multi-user systems
– One computer with a single central processing unit
(CPU) and a number of terminals
– Put a huge burden on the central computer
Downsizing
– Replacing expensive mainframe computers with
more cost-effective networks of personal
computers
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
File-server architecture
– Processing is distributed about the network
– Three main disadvantages
» Large amount of network traffic
» Full copy of DBMS required on each workstation
» Concurrency, recovery, and integrity control are complex
Multiple DBMSs can access the same files
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Traditional two-tier client–server architecture
– Client process requires some resource
– Server provides the resource
– Basic separation of four main components of
business application
– Typical interaction between client and server
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Summary of client–server functions
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Three-tier client–server architecture
– User interface layer
– Business logic and data processing layer
– DBMS
– Many advantages over traditional two-tier or
single-tier designs
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
N-tier architectures
– Three-tier architecture can be expanded to n
tiers
Application servers
– Hosts an application programming interface
(API) to expose business logic and business
processes for use by other applications
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Middleware
– Software that mediates with other software
– Communication among disparate applications
– Six main types
» Asynchronous Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
» Synchronous RPC
» Publish/Subscribe
» Message-Oriented middleware (MOM)
» Object-request broker (ORB)
» SQL-oriented data access
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Transaction processing monitor
– Controls data transfer between clients/servers
– Provides a consistent environment, particularly for
online transaction processing (OLTP)
– Significant advantages
» Transaction routing
» Managing distributed transactions
» Load balancing
» Funneling
» Increased reliability
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Transaction processing monitor
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Web Services and Service-Oriented
Architectures
Web service
– Software system that supports interoperable
machine-to-machine interaction over a network
– No user interface
– Examples of Web services
– Uses widely accepted technologies and
standards
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Relationship between WSDL, UDDI, and
SOAP
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Web Services and Service-Oriented
Architectures
Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA)
– Architecture for building applications that
implement business processes as sets of services
– Published at a granularity relevant to the service
consumer
– Loosely coupled and autonomous services
– Web services designed for SOA different from
other Web services
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Traditional vs. SOA Architecture
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Distributed DBMSs
Distributed database
– Logically interrelated collection of shared data
physically distributed over a computer network
Distributed DBMS
– Software system that permits the management
of the distributed database
– Makes the distribution transparent to users
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Distributed DBMSs
Characteristics of DDBMS
– Collection of logically related shared data
– Data split into fragments
– Fragments may be replicated
– Fragments/replicas are allocated to sites
– Sites are linked by a communications network
– Data at each site is controlled by DBMS
– DMBS handles local apps autonomously
– Each DBMS in one or more global app
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Distributed DBMSs
Distributed processing
– Centralized database that can be accessed over
a computer network
System consists of data that is physically
distributed across a number of sites in the network
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Data Warehousing
Data warehouse
– Consolidated/integrated view of corporate data
– Drawn from disparate operational data sources
– Range of end-user access tools capable of
supporting simple to highly complex queries to
support decision making
– Subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and
nonvolatile
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Typical Architecture of a Data Warehouse
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Components of a DBMS
Major components of a DBMS:
– Query processor
– Database manager (DM)
– File manager
– DML preprocessor
– DDL compiler
– Catalog manager
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Components of a DBMS
Major software components for database manager
– Authorization control – Transaction manager
– Command processor – Scheduler
– Recovery manager
– Integrity checker
– Buffer manager
– Query optimizer
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Oracle Architecture
Oracle’s logical database structure
– Tablespaces
– Schemas
– Data blocks
– Extents/segments
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Relationship between an Oracle Database,
Tablespaces, and Datafiles
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Oracle Architecture
Oracle’s physical database structure
– Datafiles
– Redo log files
– Control files
The Oracle instance
– Oracle processes and shared memory required
to access information in the database
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