Optics-Hecht - 03-Chap4-The Propagation of Light - OK

Optika - Dept.
Fisika
The Propagation of Light
Chapter 4
Optics
Eugene Hecht- © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Tim Dosen “Optika”

Departemen Fisika, FSains – ITS, 2019
4.2 RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
The processes of transmission, reflection, and refraction are
macroscopic manifestations of scattering occurring on a
submicroscopic level.
A photon is absorbed, and without delay another photon of the
same frequency (and wavelength) is emitted; the light is
elastically scattered. The molecules are randomly oriented,
and photons scatter out every which way.
Optika - Dept. Fisika

Optika-Propagasi Cahaya
The scattering involving particles smaller than a wavelength

(i.e., less than about l>10)  Rayleigh Scattering.
Scattering and Interference

Interference is the superposition of two or more waves
producing a resultant disturbance that is the sum of the
overlapping wave contributions.
When such waves are

 precisely in-phase  total constructive interference.
 the phase difference 180  total destructive
4.3 REFLECTION
When a beam of light strikes such an interface, some light is always
scattered backward, and we call this phenomenon reflection.
Reflection:
Internal
External

The Law of Reflection
The rays are perpendicular

to the wavefronts.
A ray is a line drawn in space corresponding to the direction of flow of radiant

energy.
4.4 REFRACTION
The incident rays are bent or “turned out of their way,” as Newton put
it, is called refraction.
Law of Refraction  Snell’s Law

(Willebrord Snel van Royen, 1591-1626).

The incident, reflected, and

refracted rays all lie in the
plane-of-incidence.
Every point on a propagating wavefront serve as the source of spherical secondary

wavelets, such that the wavefront at some later time is the envelope of these
wavelets.
If propagating wave has a frequency , and is transmitted through the

medium at a speed v, then the secondary wavelets have that same
frequency and speed
4.5 FERMAT’S PRINCIPLE

4.6 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC APPROACH

The reflection:
The refraction:
4.7. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
The critical angle is that special value of i for which t = 90°.
For i > c, all the incoming energy is reflected back into the
incident medium  total internal reflection.

Totally “externally” reflected
Because the frequency of X-rays is higher than the

resonance frequencies of the atoms of the medium,
that the index of refraction of X-rays is less than 1.0.
ni = nair and nt = nglass, for X-rays  nair > nglass
In 1923 A. H. Compton , He shined 0.128-nm X-rays on a glass

plate and got a critical angle of about 10 minutes of arc
(0.167°) measured with respect to the surface.
The Evanescent Wave
evanescent wave.
The Goos–Hänchen Shift

In 1947 Fritz Goos and Hilda
Lindberg-Hänchen showed
experimentally:
A light beam, which is
totally internally reflected,
undergoes a minute lateral
shift from the position
where the beam strikes the
interface.
10. THE STOKES TREATMENT OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

LAMPIRAN
WAVE
PROBLEM
1. Cahaya datang pada medium berindeks bias 1,682 dari udara. Tentukan sudut Brewster/
sudut polarisasi!
2. Hitunglah sudut kritis dan sudut Brewster untuk medium air (n = 1,33) dan glass flinta
(n = 1,75) bila cahaya merambat dalam medium dan mengenai bidang batas dengan udara.
3. Buktikan hukum refleksi dengan prinsip Fermat!
4. Buktikan dengan syarat batas dua medium dan persamaan Fresnel bahwa t // + r// = 1, untuk
sinar jatuh normal terhadap bidang batas.
5. Dengan persamaan Fresnel buktikan bahwa bila (i = 90o - t ) maka cahaya yang terpantul
terpolarisasi. Dan tentukan sudut polarisasi bila berkas cahaya merambat dari glas ( n = 1,5)
ke dalam air !
6. Tentukan koefisien amplitudo refleksi untuk cahaya yang datang dengan sudut 30o pada
bidang batas udara-glass ni = 1 dan nt =1,5. Tuliskan juga vektor Stokes dan Jones untuk
cahaya yang terefleksi.
7. Cermin yang digunakan pada optika X-ray didasarkan pada fenomena refleksi total. Indeks
bias vakum untuk X-ray 0,15 nm adalah 1, sedangkan untuk medium perak n = 0,99998.
Tentukan sudut untuk pemantulan total.
8. Seberkas cahaya mengenai permukaan glas paralel yang mempunyai indeks bias 1,523
dengan sudut datang 70o.
a) Berapa bagian cahaya yang dipantulkan
b) Pada berkas cahaya yang terpantul, berapa perbandingan komponen medan listrik
yang tegak lurus terhadap bidang datang terhadap konponen medan listrik yang
sejajar bidang datang.
9. Suatu tangki yang terisi iar pada permukaan terlapisi lapisan minyak (n = 1,48) setebal 1 cm
dan di atasnya berupa udara. Bila berkas cahaya merambat dari air dan mengenai lapisan
minyak, pada sudut datang berapa cahaya harus dijatuhkan sehingga tidak ada cahaya yang
keluar dari lapisan minyak ke medium udara. (Bila berkas cahaya merambat dari udara, pada
sudut datang berapa cahaya harus dijatuhkan sehingga tidak ada cahaya yang menembus
air.)
10. Suatu kontainer glass berindeks bias 1,65 berisi karbon tetrakloride yang berindeks bias
1,48. Bila berkas cahaya datang scr normal terhadap kontainer, maka berapa banyak cahaya
yang ditransmisikan melalui kontainer?

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Optika - Dept.

The Propagation of Light

Tim Dosen “Optika”

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The scattering involving particles smaller than a wavelength

Scattering and Interference

When such waves are

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The Law of Reflection

The rays are perpendicular

A ray is a line drawn in space corresponding to the direction of flow of radiant

Law of Refraction  Snell’s Law

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The incident, reflected, and

Every point on a propagating wavefront serve as the source of spherical secondary

If propagating wave has a frequency , and is transmitted through the

Optika - Dept. Fisika

Optika - Dept. Fisika

Optika - Dept. Fisika

Totally “externally” reflected

Because the frequency of X-rays is higher than the

ni = nair and nt = nglass, for X-rays  nair > nglass

In 1923 A. H. Compton , He shined 0.128-nm X-rays on a glass

The Evanescent Wave

The Goos–Hänchen Shift

Optika - Dept. Fisika

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