Digital Logic & Design

Lecture 01
 Analogue Quantities

Continuous Quantity
 Intensity of Light
 Temperature
 Velocity
 Digital Values

 Discrete set of values

 Continuous Signal

45

40

35

30
temperature 0C

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time
 Continuous Signal

45
42 41
40
37
35 34 35

30
temperature 0C

29
25 25 25
23 22
20
18
15

10
7
5 4
1 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time
 Digital Representation

45
42 41
40
37
35 34 35

30
temperature 0C

29
25 25 25
23 22
20
18
15

10
7
5 4
1 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
samples
 Under Sampling

45

40

35

30
temperature 0C

25

20

15

10

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
samples
 Electronic Processing

 Analogue Systems
 Digital Systems
 Representing quantities in Digital Systems
 Representing Digital Values

39 0C ? Digital 39mV
System

8
b2

b3

b4
b1

1mV = 1
0

0
GND
Vcc1

a2

a3

a4
a1
1

6.25 x 1015 V !!
6.25 x 1018 ?
 Digital Systems

 Two Voltage Levels

 Two States
 On/Off

 Black/White

 Hot/Cold

 Stationary/Moving
 Binary Number System

 Binary Numbers
 Representing Multiple Values
 Combination of 0v & 5v
 Merits of Digital Systems

 Efficient Processing & Data Storage

 Efficient & Reliable Transmission
 Detection and Correction of Errors
 Precise & Accurate Reproduction
 Easy Design and Implementation
 Occupy minimum space
 Information Processing

 Numbers
 Text
 Formula and Equations
 Drawings and Pictures
 Sound and Music
 Logic Gates

 Building Blocks
 AND, OR and NOT Gates
 NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR Gates
 Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 Logic Gate Symbol and ICs

AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate

NAND Gate NOR Gate XOR Gate XNOR Gate

Vcc

13

12

11

10

7400 NAND Gate IC

GND
4

6
1

3
 Combinational Circuits

 Combination of Logic Gates

 Adder Combinational Circuit
Adder Combinational Circuit

Sum

Carry
 Functional Devices

 Functional Devices
 Adders

 Comparators

 Encoders/Decoders

 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers
 Sequential Circuits

 Memory Element
 Current & Previous State
 Flip-Flops
 Counters & Registers
Block Diagram of a Sequential Circuit

Input 1
a1 b1
5

Output
Combinational
2 6
a2 b2

Logic Circuit

1 5
a1 b1

Memory Element
 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)

 Configurable Hardware
 Combinational Circuits
 Sequential Circuits
 Low chip count
 Lower Cost
 Short development time
 Memory

 Storage
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Read-Write

 Volatile

 ROM (Read-Only Memory)

 Read-Only

 Non-Volatile
 A/D & D/A Converters

 Processing of Continuous values

 Conversion
 Analogue to Digital A/D

 Digital to Analogue D/A

 Industrial Control Application

 Digital Industrial Control

x1
*/*
u1
Digital x1
*/*
u1

Controller
A/D D/A
Converter Converter

Thermocouple

Reaction
Vessel

Heater
Control
 Summary

 Continuous Signals
 Digital Representation in Binary
 Information Processing
 Logic Gates
 Summary

 Combinational & Sequential Circuits

 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
 Memory (RAM & ROM)
 A/D & D/A Converters
 Number Systems and Codes

 Decimal Number System

 Caveman Number System
 Binary Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System
 Octal Number System
 Decimal Number System

 Ten unique numbers 0,1..9

 Combination of digits
 Positional Number System
 275 = 2 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
 Base or Radix 10

 Weight 1, 10, 100, 1000 ….

 Representing Fractions

 Fractions can be represented in decimal number

system in a manner
= 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 9 x 10-1
+ 1 x 10-2
= 300 + 80 + 2 + 0.9 + 0.01
= 382.91
 Caveman Number System

 ∑, ∆, >, Ω and ↑
 Base – 5 Number System
 ∆Ω↑∑ = 220
 Caveman Number System
Decimal Number Caveman Number Decimal Number Caveman Number

0 ∑ 10 >∑
1 ∆ 11 >∆
2 > 12 >>
3 Ω 13 >Ω
4 ↑ 14 >↑
5 ∆∑ 15 Ω∑
6 ∆∆ 16 Ω∆
7 ∆> 17 Ω>
8 ∆Ω 18 ΩΩ
9 ∆↑ 19 Ω↑
 Caveman Number System

 Mr. Caveman is using a base 5 number system.

Thus the number ∆Ω↑∑ in decimal is
= ∆ x 53 + Ω x 5 2 + ↑ x 51 + ∑ x 50
= ∆ x 125 + Ω x 25 + ↑ x 5 + ∑ x 1
= (1) x 125 + (3) x 25 + (4) x 5 + (0) x 1
= 125 + 75 + 20 + 0 = 220
 Binary Number System

 Two unique numbers 0 and 1

 Base – 2
 A binary digit is a bit
 Combination of bits to represent larger values
 Binary Number System

Decimal Number Binary Number Decimal Number Binary Number

0 0 10 1010
1 1 11 1011
2 10 12 1100
3 11 13 1101
4 100 14 1110
5 101 15 1111
6 110 16 10000
7 111 17 10001
8 1000 18 10010
9 1001 19 10011
 Combination of Binary Bits

 Combination of Bits
 100112 = 1910
= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)
+ (1 x 20)
= (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2)
+ (1 x 1)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 19
 Fractions in Binary

 Fractions in Binary
 1011.1012 = 11.625
= (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
+ (1 x 2-1) + (0 x 2-2) + (1 x 2-3)
= (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
+ (1 x 1/2) + (0 x 1/4) + (1 x 1/8)
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 11.625
 Floating Point Notations
 Decimal-Binary Conversion

 Binary to Decimal Conversion

 Sum-of-Weights

 Adding weights of non-zero terms

 Decimal to Binary Conversion

 Sum-of-Weights (in reverse)

 Repeated Division by 2
 Decimal to binary conversion using
Sum of weight
Number Weight Result after subtraction Binary

392 256 392-256=136 1

136 128 136-128=8 1
8 54 0
8 32 0
8 16 0
8 8 8-8=0 1
0 4 0
0 2 0
0 1 0
 Decimal-Binary Conversion

 Binary to Decimal Conversion

 Sum-of-Weights

 Adding weights of non-zero terms

100112
(1 24 )  (0  23 )  (0  22 )  (1 21 )
 (1 2 )
0

Terms 16,0,0.2 and 1

19
 Decimal-Binary Conversion

 Binary to Decimal Conversion

 Sum-of-Weights

 Adding weights of non-zero terms

 Decimal-Binary Conversion

 Binary to Decimal Conversion

 Sum-of-Weights

 Adding weights of non-zero terms

100112  16  2  1  19
1011.1012  8  2  1  1
2 8
 11  5
8
 11.625
Lecture No. 1

Number Systems

A Summary