Digital

Fundamentals
Tenth Edition

Floyd

Chapter 1

© 2008 Pearson Education

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Intensity of light during the day .
Rise and fall inTemperature
temperature during a 24-hour period .
(°F)

Velocity of a car
100 travelling from A to B
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Analog and Digital Systems

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 05

Digital Systems and Digital Values

Do the Digital Electronic Systems use voltages to

represent the discrete samples of the continuous signal?

.Digital Systems do not use discrete samples represented as

voltage values.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Systems and Digital Values

• Digital systems are designed to work with two voltage values

• A +5 volts represents a logic high state or logic 1 state and 0
volts represents a logic low state or logic 0 state.
• The Digital Systems which are based on two voltage values or
two states can easily represent any two values. For example,

• The numbers ‘0’ and ‘1’

• The state of a switch ‘on’ or ‘off’
• The colour ‘black’ and ‘white’
• The temperature ‘hot’ and ‘cold’
• An object ‘moving’ or ‘stationary’.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Systems and Digital Values

• Representing two values or two states is not very practical, as

many naturally occurring phenomenons have values or state
that are more than two.
• A Combination of Binary Numbers is used to represent
different quantities.
• Represent Colors: A palette of four colors red, blue, green and
yellow can be represented by a combination of two digital values 00,
01, 10 and 11 respectively.
• Representing Temperature: An analogue value such as 39oC can be
represented in a digital format by a combination of 0s and 1s. Thus 39
is 100111 in digital form.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Systems and Digital Values

• Digital Systems uses the Binary Number System to represent

two or multiple values, stores and processes the binary values
in terms of 5 volts and 0 volts.
• Thus the number 39 represented in binary as 100111 is stored
electronically in as +5 v, 0v, 0v, +5 v, +5 v and +5 v.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Advantages of Digital Techniques

• Storing and processing data digitally is more efficient

Computers are very efficient in processing massive amounts of information and
data. Computers process information that is represented digitally in the form of
Binary Numbers. A Digital CD stores large number of video and audio clips.
Same number of audio and video clips if stored in analogue form will require a
number of video and audio cassettes:
• Transmission of data in the digital form is more efficient and reliable:
Modern information transmission techniques are relying more on digital
transmission due to its reliability as it is less prone to errors. Even if errors
occur during the transmission methods exist which allow for quick detection
and correction of errors.

• Detecting and Correcting errors in digital data is easier:

Coding Theory is an area which deals with implementing digital codes that
allow for detection and correction of multi bit errors.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Advantages of Digital Techniques

• Data can be easily and precisely reproduced:

The picture quality and the sound quality of digital videos are far more superior
to those of analogue videos. The reason being that the digital video stored as
digital numbers can be exactly reproduced where as analogue video is stored as
a continuous signal can not be reproduced with exact precision
• Digital systems are easy to design and implement:
Digital Systems are based on two state Binary Number System. Consequently
the Digital Circuitry is based on the two voltage states, performing very simple
operations. Complex Microprocessors are implemented using simple digital
circuits.
• Digital circuits occupy small space:
The PC motherboard having an area of approximately 1 sq.ft has most of the
circuitry of a powerful computer. A memory chip small enough to be held in
the palm of a hand is able to store an entire collection of books.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
In binary, a single number is called a bit (for binary digit).
A bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on
if the voltage is HIGH or LOW.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Generally, 1 is represented by the hither voltage, which we

will refer to as a HIGH, and a 0 is represented by the lower
voltage level, which we will refer to as a LOW. This is
called positive logic
HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0
Another system in which a 1 is represented by a LOW and a
0 is represented by a HIGH is called negative logic.

HIGH = 0 and LOW = 1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Logic Levels
Voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic
levels.
Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another
voltage level represents a LOW.
In a practical digital circuit, however, a HIGH can be any voltage
between a specified minimum value and a specified maximum value.
Likewise, a LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum
and a specified maximum.
There can be no overlap between the accepted range of HIGH levels
and the accepted range of LOW levels.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Logic Levels

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again.
The negative-going pulse is generated when the voltage goes
from its normally HIGH level to its LOW level and back to
its HIGH level. HIGH HIGH

Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or

leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

The Pulse
A digital waveform is made up of a series of pulses.

A pulse has two edges: a leading edge that occurs first at

time to and a trailing edge that occurs last at time t1.
For a positive-going pulse, the leading edge is a rising edge,
and the trailing edge is a falling edge.
HIGH HIGH

Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or

leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

The Pulse
The pulses in Figure are ideal because the rising and falling
edges are assumed to change in zero time (instantaneously).
In practice, these transitions never occur instantaneously,
although for most digital work you can assume ideal pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary

Pulse Definitions

Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

The Pulse
Rise Time : The time required for a pulse to go from its
LOW level to its HIGH level is called the rise time (tr),
Fall Time: Time required for the transition from the HIGH
level to the LOW level is called the fall time (tf).
In practice, it is common to measure rise time from 10% of the pulse
amplitude to 90% of the pulse amplitude and to measure the fall time
from 90% to 10% of the pulse amplitude.

Pulse Width: The pulse width (tw) is a measure of the du­

ration of the pulse and is often defined as the time interval
between the 50% points on the rising and falling edges.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

Waveform Characteristics
Pulse Trains : Series of pulses. Can be classified as either
periodic or nonperiodic
A periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats itself at a
fixed interval, called a period (T).
The frequency (f) is the rate at which it repeats itself and is
measured in hertz (Hz).
A nonperiodic pulse waveform, of course, does not repeat
itself at fixed intervals and may be composed of pulses of
randomly differing pulse widths and/or randomly differing
time intervals between the pulses
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

Waveform Characteristics

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

Waveform Characteristics
The frequency (f) of a pulse
(digital) waveform is the
reciprocal of the period.

Duty Cycle: The ratio of the

high period to the total period
of a square wave is called the
duty cycle. A true square wave
has a 50% duty cycle - equal
high and low periods.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary

Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (A) (tW)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary

Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (A) (tW)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer
Example:

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

Solution:

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 A digital Waveform carries Binary Information

Binary information that is handled by digital systems

appears as waveforms that represent sequences of bits.
When the waveform is HIGH, a binary 1 is present; when
the waveform is LOW, a binary 0 is present.
Each bit in a sequence occupies a defined time interval
called a bit time.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 A digital Waveform carries Binary Information

The Clock
In digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized with a
basic timing waveform called the dock.
The clock is a periodic waveform in which each interval
between pulses (the period) equals the time for one bit.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 A digital Waveform carries Binary Information

The Clock
In this case, each change in level of waveform A occurs at
the leading edge of the clock waveform.
In other cases, level changes occur at the trailing edge of the
clock.
During each bit time of the clock, waveform A is either
HIGH or LOW.
These HIGHs and LOWs represent a sequence of bits as
indicated.
The clock waveform itself does not carry information.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Timing Diagrams

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms and how each waveform
changes in relation to the others.
Clock

By timing diagram, you can determine the states (HIGH or LOW) of all
the waveforms at any specified point in time and the exact time that a
waveform changes state relative to the other waveforms.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Timing Diagrams

In this timing diagram the three waveforms A, B, and C are

HIGH only during bit time 7 and they all change back LOW
at the end of bit time 7.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type of

information.
Binary data, which are represented by digital waveforms,
must be transferred from one circuit to another within a
digital system or from one system to another in order to
accomplish a given purpose.
For example, numbers stored in binary form in the memory
of a computer must be transferred to the computer's central
processing unit in order to be added. The sum of the
addition must then be transferred to a monitor for display or
transferred back to the memory.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

In computer systems, binary data are transferred in two

ways: serial and parallel.
Serial Data Transfer:
When bits are transferred in serial form from one point to
another, they are sent one bit at a time along a single line.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

Serial Data Transfer:

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem

As in fig which is the case of a computer to modem transfer. During

the time interval from to to t1, the first bit is transferred. During the
time interval from t1 to t2), the second bit is transferred, and so on. To
transfer eight bits in series, it takes eight time intervals.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

Parallel Data Transfer:

When bits are transferred in parallel form, all the bits in a
group are sent out on separate lines at the same time.
There is one line for each bit, as shown in Figure for the
example of eight bits being transferred from a computer to a
printer.
To transfer eight bits in parallel, it takes one time interval
compared to eight time intervals for the serial transfer.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

Parallel Data Transfer:

1
Computer Printer
0

0
t0 t1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

Advantages & Disadvantages of Serial & Parallel Data

Transfer:
• An advantage of serial transfer of binary data is that a minimum of
only one line is required.
• In parallel transfer, a number of lines equal to the number of bits to be
transferred at one time is required.
• A disadvantage of serial transfer is that it takes longer time to transfer
a given number of bits than with parallel transfer.
• For example, if one bit can be transferred in 1μs, then it takes 8μs to
serially transfer eight bits but only 1μs to parallel transfer eight bits.
• A disadvantage of parallel transfer is that it takes more line than serial
transfer.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Data Transfer

Example:

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 Data Transfer

Solution:

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Basic Logic Operations

Logic tells that a certain proposition (declarative

statement) is true if certain conditions are true.
Propositions can be classified as true or false.
Several propositions, when combined, form
propositional, or logic, functions.
Since such logic functions are true/false or yes/no
statements, digital circuits with their two-state
characteristics are applicable.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Basic Logic Operations

For example, the propositional statement "The light is on"

will be true if "The bulb is not burned out" is true and if
"The switch is on" is true.
Therefore, this logical statement can be made: The light is
on only if the bulb is not burned out and the switch is on.
In this example the first statement is true only if the last
two statements are true. The first statement ("The light is
on") is then the basic proposition, and the other two
statements are the conditions on which the proposition
depends.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Basic Logic Operations

The term logic is applied to digital circuits used to

implement logic functions. Several kinds of digital logic
circuits are the basic elements that form the building
blocks for such complex digital systems as the computer.
There are three basic logic operations (NOT, AND, and
OR) are indicated by standard distinctive shape symbols.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Basic Logic Operations

The lines connected to each symbol are the inputs and

outputs.
The inputs are on the left of each symbol and the output is
on the right.
A circuit that performs a specified logic operation (AND,
OR) is called a logic gate. AND and OR gates can have
any number of inputs.
In logic operations, the true/false conditions mentioned
earlier are represented by a HIGH (true) and a LOW
(false). Each of the three basic logic operations produces a
unique response to a given set of conditions.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions

are true.

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:

The comparison function A

Comparator
A> B

Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B

Basic arithmetic functions Adder

A
Two Σ Sum
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Basic System Functions
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for

The encoding function

4 storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad

The decoding function

Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Basic System Functions

The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆t1 ∆t2 ∆t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t 2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Basic System Functions

The counting function

Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.

…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Basic System Functions

One type of storage function is the shift register,

that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Integrated Circuits

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip case

Pins

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular

for laboratory experiments with logic.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Integrated Circuits

An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit

is wired using DIP chips and tested.

DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Integrated Circuits

DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Integrated Circuits

Other surface mount packages:

End view End view End view

SOIC PLCC LCCC

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 Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope
is shown.

V E R TIC A L H O R IZ O N TA L T R IG G E R
C H 1 C H 2 B O TH S LO P E
Ð +

P O S ITIO N P O S ITIO N P O S ITI O N LE V E L

V O L TS / D IV V O L TS / D IV S E C / D IV SO URC E
C H 1
C H 2
EX T
5 V 2 m V 5 V 2 m V 5 s 5 ns
L IN E
C O U P L IN G C O U P L IN G
A C -D C -G N D A C -D C -G N D T R IG C O U P
DC AC

D IS P L A Y
PRO BE C O M P C H 1 C H 2 E X T TR IG
5 V

IN T E N S IT Y

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital
information or show data in tabular form.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments 0.01 V
O FF V
Hz

The DMM can make three basic m V

electrical measurements.
A Ra n g e
A u t o ra n g e 1 s

To u c h / H o ld 1 s

10 A
V

Voltage
40 m A C O M

Fu se d

Resistance
Current

In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power

supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Summary
Programmable Logic

Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to

fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a
specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less
board space that fixed function devices.
A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a
combination of a programmable AND array and a
fixed OR array:

Fixed OR
Programmable array and
AND array
output logic

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Selected Key Terms

Analog Being continuous or having continuous values.

Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set
of discrete values.
Binary Having two values or states; describes a number
system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0
as its digits.
Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0.
Pulse A sudden change from one level to another,
followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a
sudden change back to the original level.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Selected Key Terms

Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic

waveform used to synchronize actions.
Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic
operations such as AND or OR.
NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion.
AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs only when all input conditions are
true (HIGH).
OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs when when one or more of the input
conditions are true (HIGH).
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Selected Key Terms

Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having

logic functions that cannot be altered.
Programmable A category of digital integrated circuits capable of
logic being programmed to perform specified functions.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved